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This paper focuses on basic research of hearing science and the clinical research of diagnostic audiology.

本文侧重于基础听力学研究和诊断听力学的进展。

The University also continued to develop the Audubon Biotechnology and Research Park, securing Columbia's place at the forefront of medical research.

大学还继续发展生物技术和研究奥杜邦公园，确保哥伦比亚发生的最前沿的医学研究。

This paper is using S Company, which is developing and manufacturing a cell phone key bottom, as the research base. This research is also using hyper links and surveying auxiliary patterns as variable factors to create four kinds of web site frameworks. Furthermore we are taking different background staff, a development team, a non-development team (Sales, Quality and Production department) and new employees to run an experiment to analyze and estimate the efficiency of four kinds of design based web site frameworks.

本研究以专司手机按键研发与制造的S公司作为研究背景，将超连结的视窗与导览辅助模式做为研发知识分享资讯网的可变因子，创造出四种不同的知识网页架构，并藉由搜寻任务来了解研发人员、非研发人员、和新进人员对於此四种实验网页的操作效益和评价。

Based on the analysis of the mechanism of robot manipulators, a trajectory tracking controlling research model is first built up with ADAMS, and its mathematical model is formulated through the study of robot kinematics and dynamics. After the modeling errors are analyzed in practical robotic systems, a conception of centralized error is brought forward according to the theory of weighting functions. In the case of modeling errors' exist, the robotic uncertain model is derived by introducing an auxiliary control variable into inverse dynamic analysis. The control strategy of robust exponential convergence is applied to the robotic uncertain model, the applicable conditions and the applicable controller with this application are presented. The stable control effect under three main model uncertainties (parametric errors, joint disturbs, joint frictions) are systematically studied on the previously built research model. The problems of robust exponential convergence controller which often results in unstable output and so produces a large relative error when the input trajectory is in a small range are resolved by adjusting the control parameters based on the controller's structure.

本文在机械手的机械结构分析基础上，利用ADAMS建立了用于机械手轨线跟踪控制研究的机械手模型；通过对机器人运动学和动力学问题的研究，建立了机械手研究的数学模型；分析了机器人系统中模型误差的主要来源，根据加权函数法分析，提出了模型集中误差的概念；在存有模型误差的情况下，采用逆动力学结构并引入辅助控制量，由机器人误差模型推导了机器人非确定性模型；提出了采用鲁棒指数收敛法对上述机器人非确定性模型进行鲁棒镇定的控制策略，并给出了对机器人进行鲁棒指数收敛控制时系统不确定因素应满足的匹配条件；针对机械手研究模型，深入研究了鲁棒指数收敛控制器对机器人系统中常见的模型参数误差、关节扰动、关节摩擦等不确定因素的镇定控制效果；针对鲁棒指数收敛控制器易产生控制量振荡的问题以及在小范围内系统轨线跟踪的稳态误差过大问题，本文分别提出了基于控制器结构的控制参数调整法和基于轨线跟踪范围大小的控制参数分段切换法。

As power market reformation carries on, power grid is in difficult status at the aspects of modulating peak effectively, operating safely and stably and supplying power reliably. Pumped storage power station has an important effect on safe, stable and economical operation of power grid. Research on benefit's comprehensive evaluation and operation mode of pumped storage power station is the avant-courier and difficulty in the domain of technology economy and management, which has important theory research value and practical significance.

随着我国电力市场改革，电网的调峰、安全稳定运行和可靠供电面临更为严峻的形势，抽水蓄能电站对电网安全、稳定和经济运行发挥着重要的作用，对抽水蓄能电站的效益综合评价和运营模式进行研究是目前国际上技术经济及管理研究的前沿问题之一，也是难点问题之一，具有重要的理论研究价值和实际意义。

The purpose of this research is to apply the 3S technique in the avian ecology research.

本研究的目的是将3S技术应用于鸟类生态学研究。

Research concerning research status and development of CNTF was selected, including changes of CNTF following nerve injury; the repair mechanism and protection of CNTF on neurons; regulation on reparative process; the recovery of axoplasmic transport function of axoplasm, as well as the regeneration on injured nerves.

纳入与神经损伤与睫状神经营养因子研究现状与发展密切相关的研究，包括神经元损伤后的变化；睫状神经营养因子对神经元的修复机制及保护作用，对修复过程的调控，对神经元轴浆运输功能的恢复，对损伤神经的再生作用。

Beginning in 2002, companies in expanding production and sales at the same time, began to shift the focus to high-end graphic art sound research and development, research and development in the international community to take the lead in the 5.1-channel high-end wireless plane art audio, wireless Plane background music systems and flat voice systems, and other MP3 products.

从2002年开始，公司在扩大生产、销售的同时，开始将重点转移到高端的平面艺术音响的研发中，在国际上率先研发出了5.1声道高端无线平面艺术音响、无线平面背景音乐系统及MP3平面语音系统等系列产品。

The research team in Bangor are seeking out people who are bilingual in English and Welsh, as well as "monolinguals"- people who can speak only one language - to take part in the research.

班戈大学的研究人员不仅正在寻找可以同时说英语和威尔斯语的双语民众，同时也在寻找只能说单一语言的单语民众，来参与这次的研究。

In the latest Research Assessment Exercise, 13 university departments were awarded grade 4 or 5 denoting research of international importance and demonstrating that Bangor is truly a world class institution.

在最近的英国国家研究评鉴中，有13个科系获得四分到五分的超高评价，象徵了它在国际学术研究领域中极重要的地位，也表示班格大学是一个真正的世界级学术研究机构。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷