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Potassium dichromate was replaced by ceric sulfate as oxidant to determine the COD in this study.

采用硫酸高铈作为氧化剂来测定难降解垃圾渗滤液的COD，测定结果与重铬酸钾法进行比较。

The Dickensian view is that factories replaced a rural idyll with urban misery, poverty, pollution and illness.

在狄更斯的笔下，工厂以城市的苦难、贫穷、污染和疾病代替了农村的田园诗。

Through the comparison with other learning methods, the conclusion is drawn that the Powell method in which the derivative is replaced by the difference quotient is an eff...

通过与其他学习算法的比较，得出结论：其中用差商近似代替导数的Powel法是一种高效、快速的学习方法，其学习速率比带动量项的学习率自适应的BP算法高一个量级，而比DavidenFletcherPowel、BroydenFletcherGoldfarlShanno等变尺度方法以及其他非线性最小二乘法的稳定性要好得多。

Thirdly, in order to improve the learning efficiency and stability of feedforward neural network, a fast learning algorithm for neural networks based on CGM-OC approach is presented. Compared with other learning methods such as BP method, Broyden Flecher Goldfarl Shanno method and Powell method in which the derivative is replaced by the difference quotient etc, simulation results show that the proposed method is an efficient and fast one.

第三，为了提高前馈神经网络权值的学习效率及稳定性，提出一种基于正交校正共轭梯度优化方法的神经网络学习算法，通过与其它学习算法（如：BP算法、变尺度法、用差商近似代替导数的Powell法等）的比较，经仿真试验表明，本算法是一种高效、快速的学习算法。

In this paper, the idea of that derivative is replaced with difference quotient is involved in calculating each item of Jacobi matrix.

船舶自由浮态计算实质也是求解一个隐式非线性方程组，故同样可用这一方法求解。

The weight values in NLSM were adjusted automatically according to target data, which allowed the measured data with different dimensions or ranges to be treated at the same level, and thus the accuracy and stability of algorithm were improved accordingly. Derivative was replaced by the difference quotient in NLSM which further improved the algorithm speed.

非线性最小二乘法的权值根据目标数据自动调整，使得不同量纲和不同数值范围的观测数据可以在同一水平上进行，提高了计算的精度和稳定性；另一方面用差商近似代替导数加快了算法的收敛速度。

The derivation course and the discrete scheme of the first model-Perona-Malik model have been expatiated on emphasis. One item of the P-M model is omitted in the P-M's discrete scheme, and the gradient magnitude is replaced by the absolute value of difference quotient.

Perona-Malik给出的离散格式是一种显式离散格式，这一格式的连续形式省略了原模型中的一项，且用差商的绝对值代替了梯度模。

Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081,ChinaIn order to get the high output power, a RF excited diffusively cooled all-metal slab waveguide CO2 laser was reported, in which gas discharge region was constructed by two aluminum side walls and aluminum electrodes. The region dimension was 2 mm height×20 mm width×386 mm length, and the gas composition was CO2:N2:He:Xe=1:1:3:0.26. This technique replaced the old ceramic and metal sandwich waveguide technique.The optimum out power 127 W was achieved from the RF excited diffusively cooled all-metal slab waveguide CO2 laser with the longitudinal voltage uniformity distribution technique and scaling area technique. The electro-optic conversion efficiency was about 14%.

为了获得较高的激光输出功率，介绍了射频激励扩散冷却全金属板条波导CO2激光器，放电区域由左右两个铝合金壁和上下两个铝合金电极构成，放电区域高2 mm，宽20 mm，长386 mm，工作气体混合比CO2：N2：He：Xe=1：1：3：0.26，该技术代替了过去的金属陶瓷结构，结合纵向电压均匀分布技术和面增比技术，获得了127 W的激光输出功率，光电转换效率高达14%。

These factors should be given prominence, as the current analog TV will soon be replaced by digital television.

这些因素要重点考虑的，因为目前的模拟电视将很快被数字电视所取代。

MITO, JAPAN — The diktat from the governor was the kind of sweeping order that gives Japanese bureaucrats heart attacks: plans for a three-story airport terminal, painstakingly laid over years, were to be scrapped and replaced with a single-floor layout.

首长的讲话就是一种命令，可以说对日本的行政官员来说都是一次打击：就是花了数年时间辛苦打造的三层航站楼，现在要推到重来，取而代之的将是一层的航站楼。

You can snipe the second and third union leaders from this position.

您可以鹬第二和第三工会领袖从这一立场出发。

Aiming at the currently shortage of XML streams quality detecting, this paper proposes a new forecasting method of XML streams quality by least squares support vector machines, which is used the method of XML keys' vector matrix as windows, and vector product wavelet transform to multilevel decompose and refactor the XML streams series, that can fulfill real-time checking demand of XML quality, and ensure constraint, consist- ency and integrality. For even more adapting net load, it proposes a control strategy by weight and adaptive adjustment to ensure XML streams quality.

针对当前XML数据流质量检测存在的不足，提出构建XML键的矢量矩阵作为窗口，利用矢量积小波变换多级分解与重构XML数据流，再结合最小二乘支持向量机对XML数据流质量进行预测的一种方法，满足XML数据流质量重构时实时检测的要求，保证XML数据的约束性、一致性与完整性；为了更好的适应网络负载，采取加权与自适应窗口调整等调度策略充分保证XML数据流的质量检测。