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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The subject of the full text builds up and divides six major chapters together: Chapter 1 is the foreword, and has studied the current situation and refined and summarized to value and meaning of the selected title background of the thesis, selected title abroad synthetically; Chapter 2, have carried on science to define to the intension of responsibility and governments relevant concepts of responsibility, have explained that constructs the necessity of the responsibility government and realistic meaning; Chapter 3, ility the intension made of the responsibility has been carried on science solves and constructs, summarize the political function and basic principle of administration asking responsibility system, and the logic relation between administration asking and the responsibility government of the responsibility has been analysed scientifically; Chapter 4, has used the administrations of western countries for reference and administration asking responsibility system and high-ranking official asking system of Hong Kong area of our country and the successful experience, expect to the institutional improvement of the administration asking responsibility system of our country can be beneficial; The whole chapter 5, the current administration asking system of our country that has implemented the state and carried on objective analysis in responsibility system, have pointed out a series of questions and not complete places exposed in institutional improvement, and has carried on network analysis from two visual angles of the traditional political culture ecology and system factor aspect to the reason why the question emerges; Chapter 6, the responsibility system has carried on tentative countermeasure analysis and discussion in perfecting the administration of our country, separately from improving the environment of administration asking responsibility and reinventing the culture of administration asking responsibility, devoting more efforts to asking the responsibility in allosome, strengthen the related institutional improvement of administration asking responsibility system, etc.

全文主体架构共分6大章节：第1章为引言，对论文选题背景、选题价值与意义及国外内研究现状进行了综合提炼与概括；第2章，对责任和责任政府相关概念的内涵进行了科学界定，并阐述了构建责任政府的必要性和现实意义：第3章，对行政问责制的内涵进行了科学解构，概括了行政问责制的政治功能及其基本原则，并对行政问责制与建立责任政府的逻辑关系进行了科学分析；第4章，借鉴了西方国家行政问责制度及我国香港地区高官问责制的成功经验，以期对我国行政问责制度建设能有所裨益；第5章，对我国现行行政问责制度实施状况进行了客观分析，指出了在制度建设过程中暴露出来的一系列问题和不完善之处，并对产生这些问题的原因从传统政治文化生态及制度因素层面两个视角进行了系统分析；第6章，对健全和完善我国行政问责制度进行了尝试性的对策分析与探讨，分别从完善行政问责环境、重塑行政问责文化，加大异体问责的力度，加强行政问责制配套制度建设及行政问责制立法等角度提出了完善的措施和途径。

A toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable gray metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores.

有毒的非金属元素，有多种同素异形体，稳定且有金属特性的灰色同素异形体用于光电池，其在亮处的导电性比在暗处好，见于硫化物矿石中。注意，注意力集中

A toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores as pyrite

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The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.

这与你的大脑如何识别世界是息息相关的。

In allusion to practical, dissertate wavelet and neural network related algorithmic and application in detail.

针对实际应用，对小波和神经网络的相关应用算法进行了详细探讨。

It revealed that the gaseous oxygen was related to the deep oxidation of hydrocarbon, since the breakage of C-C bond in allylic intermediate didn＇t exist during the process of reaction. This is due to the weak ability of lattice oxygen to attack hydrocarbon molecular.

实验结果指出，烃类的深度氧化反应与气相氧的存在有关，晶格氧对烃分子中碳碳键的攻击较弱，反应中烯丙基中间体几乎不发生碳碳键的断裂。

The Bookworm boutique at the Qwest broke all records last year selling Berkshire-related books. An amazing 3500 of these were Poor Charlie's Almanack, the collected wisdom of my partner. This means that a copy was sold every 9 seconds. And for good reason: You will never find a book with more useful ideas. Word-of-mouth recommendations have caused Charlie's first printing of 20500 copies to sell out, and we will therefore have a revised and expanded edition on sale at our meeting. Among the other 22 titles and DVDs available last year at the Bookworm, 4597 copies were sold for $84746. Our shareholders are a bookseller's dream.

去年书虫书店在会场设摊贩售Berkshire相关书籍，其数量再次打破纪录，其中光是我合伙人查理的智慧语录-可怜查理的年鉴就卖出了3500本，这意味着每隔九秒就卖出一本，这当然是有原因的，你再也找不到其他任何一本如此实用的了，光是靠着口耳相传，第一刷的20500本一下子就卖光了，使得我们赶紧在年会中推出修订二版，其它22种书目及影音光碟，总计也卖出了4597份，销售金额达84746美元，我们的股东群实在是书商们的最爱。

The Bookworm shop did a terrific business last year selling Berkshire-related books. Displaying 18 titles, they sold 2,920 copies for $61,000. Since we charge the shop no rent, it gives shareholders a 20% discount. This year I've asked The Bookworm to add Graham Allison's Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe, a must-read for those concerned with the safety of our country. In addition, the shop will premiere Poor Charlie's Almanack, a book compiled by Peter Kaufman. Scholars have for too long debated whether Charlie is the reincarnation of Ben Franklin. This book should settle the question.

去年书虫书店在会场设摊贩售 Berkshire 相关书籍，全部十八种，总计卖出 2，920 本，也因为摊位不收租金，所以股东买书都可以打八折，今年我特地要求书虫增加 Graham Allison 所着的核子恐怖主义-最终可避免的大灾难，这是所有关心国家安危必读的书籍，此外当天也会举行 Peter Kaufman 所着可怜查理的年鉴，一直以来许多学者都在争论查理是否为富兰克林再世，我想这本书或可解决大家的疑问。

The Bookworm shop did a terrific business last year selling Berkshire-related books. Displaying 18 titles, they sold 2920 copies for $61000. Since we charge the shop no rent, it gives shareholders a 20% discount. This year I've asked The Bookworm to add Graham Allison's Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe, a must-read for those concerned with the safety of our country. In addition, the shop will premiere Poor Charlie's Almanack, a book compiled by Peter Kaufman. Scholars have for too long debated whether Charlie is the reincarnation of Ben Franklin. This book should settle the question.

去年书虫书店在会场设摊贩售Berkshire相关书籍，全部十八种，总计卖出2920本，也因为摊位不收租金，所以股东买书都可以打八折，今年我特地要求书虫增加Graham Allison所著的核子恐怖主义-最终可避免的大灾难，这是所有关心国家安危必读的书籍，此外当天也会举行Peter Kaufman所著可怜查理的年鉴，一直以来许多学者都在争论查理是否为富兰克林再世，我想这本书或可解决大家的疑问。

You can do some assertiveness training.

你可以进行一些自信训练。

We were well on the path to making a rear-wheel-drive global platform," says Mays."

我们正致力于建立一个后轮驱动的平台，"Mays这样说道。"