查询词典 reactions

The reactions include, organometallic reactions (grignard reaction, organolithium -zinc, and -copper chemistry ), metal catalyzed reactions, mannich reaction, nitration, hydrogenation, azidation, amino-protection reactions, organoalluminum catalyzed beckmann rearrangement, schmidt rearrangement, epoxidation, epoxide ring opening reactions, swern oxidation etc.

这些反应包括：有机金属反应(格利亚反应，有机锂，有机锌和有机铜反应)，金属催化反应堆(suzuki 反应， negish 反应)， mannish 反应，硝化反应，氢化反应，叠氮反应，各种基团的保护和脱保护反应，有机铝催化的贝克曼重排反应，斯密特重排反应，环氧化反应，环氧烷开环反应， swern 氧化反应等。

And therefore it has the potential applications in green chemistry and chemical process,organic reactions areas.The literature review section of the thesis gave a brief introduction of the important applications in the green chemical process as well as the status of organic reactions research in NCW,and also summarized the applications in different kind of reactions such as hydrolysis,dehydration/hydration,alkylation,acylation, Diels-Alder reactions,rearrangements,condensations,hydrogen isotope exchange reaction,oxidation-reduction reaction,organometallic reactions.

论文的综述部分简要介绍了近临界水在绿色化工过程中的重要应用价值和国内外在近临界水中进行有机化学反应的研究现状，以及以近临界水作为反应溶剂或催化剂在水解反应、脱水/水合反应、烷基化、酰基化、Diels-Alder反应、重排反应、缩合、氢同位素交换反应、氧化还原反应、有机金属反应等反应类型中的应用。

To control the interface reactions of SiC/Al composites effectively during preparation, the paper summarized the possible interface reactions. Based on Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions, used the basic thermodynamic data, the paper also calculated the variable Gibbs free energy of the reactions under the different temperature.

为有效控制SiC/Al复合材料制备过程中的界面反应，分析了SiC/Al复合材料可能发生的界面反应，并基于Gibbs-Helmholtz方程式和化学反应的热力学平衡条件，应用基本热力学数据，计算了反应标准Gibbs自由能随温度的变化值。

Understand the basic conceptions on homolysis and heterolysis of covalent bonds, and on the nucleophilic substitution and elimination; Grasp the mechanism and stereochemistry of S N 1 and S N 2 reactions; be capable of judging the stability of carbocations; know the factors that can influence the rates of S N 1 and S N 2 reactions; grasp the elimination reactions of haloalkanes, the mechanism and stereochemistry of E1 and E2 reactions.

了解共价键的均裂和异裂及亲核取代反应的基本概念；掌握 S N 1 和 S N 2 反应机理和立体化学；能够判断正碳离子的稳定性；了解影响 S N 1 和 S N 2 反应速率的因素；掌握卤代烷消除反应， E1 和 E2 反应机理和立体化学。

By studying the influences that pH and SMTP act on the cross- linking reactions of potato starch and sweet potato starch, the cross-linking reaction mechanisms of PSPE and SPSPE were proposed and the chemical reactive velocity equations were determined. The relations between cross-linking reactions and temperatures were studied, meanwhile the activation energy of chemical reactions and apparent frequency efficient of cross-linking reactions were calculated. Technical conditions of preparing PEPS and SPEPS were determined.

3研究了pH值和三偏磷酸钠浓度对马铃薯淀粉和甘薯淀粉交联反应的影响，提出了低交联马铃薯淀粉磷酸酯和甘薯淀粉磷酸酯的交联反应机理，确定了化学反应的速率方程式，研究了温度对交联反应的影响，计算了马铃薯淀粉交联反应和甘薯淀粉交联反应的活化能和表观频率因子，确定了制备低交联马铃薯淀粉磷酸酯和甘薯淀粉磷酸酯的工艺条件。

Students should grasp the classification of the nitration reactions and its industrial application, the main nitration reagents and the nitration method, the classification of the sulfonation reactions, the function of sulfo group and its in the industrial application, sulfonating agents and its industrial application, the separation method for the sulfonated compounds, the widespread applicationof diazonium and the coupled reactions and its in the industry specially employed in the dyes and the pigments synthesis

掌握硝化反应的分类及其在工业上的应用。掌握主要的硝化试剂和硝化方法。掌握磺化反应得分类、磺酸基的作用及其在工业上的应用。掌握磺化剂其在工业上的应用。了解磺化物得分离方法。掌握重氮化及偶合反应及其在工业上特别是在染料和颜料合成中的广泛应用。

The chain-condensation reaction and its reversible reaction are the key controlling elementary reactions of the copolymerization mechanism for the studied system,while the chain initiation elementary reactions are not the key controlling elementary reactions of the copolymerization mechanism for the studied system.

其中，链引发及其逆反应对D4/APAEDMS的本体共聚反应没有直接调控作用，而链缩合及其逆反应是本体系反应机理不同于纯活性阴离子聚合或逐步聚合反应机理的关键原因。

The thermodynamic calculations of the Gibbs free energies for typical multiple phase equilibria in silicate systems were performed,including (1)melting reactions of silicate reactant in processing of the glass-ceramics;(2)sintering reactions in utilizations of nepheline syenite and high- flyash;(3)crystallizing reactions of tobermorite and xonotlite .

对硅酸盐体系的典型多相平衡反应进行了热力学计算，包括：(1)微晶玻璃制备过程中的硅酸盐熔融反应；(2)霞石正长岩和高铝粉煤灰利用技术中的硅酸盐烧结反应；(3)S iO2-CaO-H2O体系和KA lS i3O8-CaO-H2O体系雪硅钙石、硬硅钙石的水热晶化反应；(4)高铝粉煤灰和霞石正长岩烧结产物的溶解反应；(5)Na[A l4]-A l3-H2O体系和Na2SO4-Ca2-H2O体系中α-A l3和CaSO4.2H2O的析晶反应。

Master the Keto-Enol tautomerism; reactions of enols:α-H substitution reactions;α-halogenation of aldehydes and ketones;α-bromination of carboxylic acids; acidity ofα-H atoms: enolate ion formation; reactivity of enolate ions; alkylation of enolate ions; mechanism of carbonyl condensation reactions;condensations of aldehydes and ketones: the Aldol reaction; dehydration of Aldol products; the Claisen condensation reaction; the Michael addition.

熟练掌握酮式－烯醇式互变异构；烯醇的反应：α-H的活性；醛酮的α卤代反应；羧酸的α-溴代反应；α-H的酸性：烯醇负离子的形成；烯醇负离子的反应；烯醇负离子的烃基化；羰基化合物的缩合反应机理；醛酮的缩合反应－Aldol缩合；Aldol缩合产物的脱水反应； Cleisen 酯缩合反应；麦克尔加成反应。

This paper expounds the ap- plication of thermit and magnesium thermit as two representative thermit reactions in industry and lab fields and the de- velopment of thermit reactions,and then puts forward the shortages of the study on thermit reactions and the questions remained to research further.

通过对工业和实验中最具代表性的两种热剂反应——铝热剂与镁热剂反应研究及应用的介绍，阐述了热剂反应的发展状况，并指出了热剂反应研究的不足和有待进一步研究的若干问题。

According to our present broadcasting situation,the thesis proposes using new technology to update and reform the present HFC. It also suggests broadcasting using self-advantage and arranging EPON in order to win the supermarket.

论文从我国广电的现状出发，结合实际，积极倡导采用新技术更新、改造我国现有的HFC网络；倡导广电现阶段利用自身优势，部署EPON网络来赢取市场。

A new general kinetic equation was derived in which the effect of the removal of condensation water was taken into account completely, and was applied to the polyesterification kinetic study of AA/HPHP and AA/NPG. It was found that the reaction order of self-catalyzed polyesterification was not constant. For these polyesterifications, the reaction order was 2.5 at a low temperature, while 3.0 at a high temperature.

考虑缩合水的排除对反应体系的影响，用体积浓度单位推导出一个新的聚酯反应总包动力学方程，并应用到AA/HPHP和AA/NPG两个聚酯化反应的动力学研究中，研究发现，自催化聚酯反应的反应级数并不是固定值，对于AA/HPHP和AA/NPG两个聚酯化反应而言，低温时反应级数为2.5，高温时反应级数为3.0。