查询词典 reaction rate

objective to evaluate efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyfor treating ureteral stones in situ,investigate the cause of higher re-treatment rate.methods total of 687 patients with ureteral stone were received eswl between january 2000 and december 2004,included 455 male(66.2%) and 232 female(33.8%) patients,6 cases have bilateral ureteral calculi,12 cases have unilateral multiple calculi.hence,together 709 ureteral calculi were treated.patients upper ureteral calculi were treated in the supine position,for lower ureteral calculi patients were turned prone.to reduce eswl-induced renal trauma and pain,using lower energy source,adjusted power setting from 9.8 to 13.2kv,limited 1500 shock wavs per one session.no auxiliary procedure were used before eswl.the stone size was measured as the surface area of stone length by stone width on x-ray film.the interval between two treatment sessions was two weeks.results of 709 ureteral calculi,the overall stone free rate was 97.3%(690 calculi),re-treatment rate was 34.1%(292 calculi).according to the performed treatment sessions,one session 467 calculi,the mean stone size 37.27mm2,stone free rate 65.4%(464 calculi).two sessions 138 calculi,the mean stone size 62.48mm2,stone free rate 18.4%(131calculi).three sessions 52 calculi,the mean stone size 79.60mm2,stone free rate 7.1%(50calculi).four sessions 19 calculi,the mean stone size 101.63mm2,stone free rate 2.4%(17calculi).fivesessions 33 calculi,the mean stone size 119.33mm2,stone free rate 3.9%(28 calculi).overall 19 cases(2.7%)turned to other treatment modalities.of 335 upper ureteral calculi,303 achieved stone free (95.8%),re-treatment rate was 38.5%(129 calculi).of 374 lower ureteral calculi,369 achieved stone free(98.7%),re-treatment rate was 30.2%(113 calculi).the re-treatment rate of upper ureteral calculi was higher than lower ureteral calculi(p＜0.05,χ2=5.40).the difference of stone-free rate between upper and lower ureteral calculi was no significant(p＞0.05,χ2=0.15).conclusion eswl should be considered first line therapy for ureteral stone still.stone burden are the main variable of higher re-treatment rate,upper ureteral stone may moving with respiring during eswl.so efficinet shock wave was decreared,re-treatment rate become higher.

目的 评估体外震波碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效，探讨再治疗率高的原因及输尿管结石的治疗选择。方法回顾2000年1月～2004年12月间eswl治疗输尿管结石的临床资料687例，男455例（66.2%），女232例（33.8%），平均年龄46.6岁（15～83岁）。有双侧输尿管结石6例，单侧多发性输尿管结石12例（4颗1例，3颗2例，2颗9例），共计输尿管结石709颗（含透光结石13颗）。应用上海爱申公司生产的desunit6030型碎石机，c臂x线球管做结石定位。上段输尿管结石（肾盂输尿管交界处至骶髂关节上缘）取仰卧位，下段输尿管结石（骶髂关节上缘下至输尿管口）取俯卧位。为减少eswl引起的肾损伤和疼痛，应用较低的能量，震波发生器电压从9.8～13.2kv，震波频率1.5s。每次治疗设定为1500次震波。治疗后3天摄腹部平片或b超，以后每隔7日重复检查。假如结石未碎或有残留结石最长径＞3mm以上，再次eswl，两次治疗的间隔时间为两周。结石的大小用x线片上的表面积（mm2表示。结果 709颗输尿管结石总的治愈率为97.3%（690颗），再治疗率34.1%（242颗）。其中一次治疗467颗，平均结石大小37.27mm2，治愈464颗（65.4%），3颗改治疗；两次治疗138颗，平均结石大小62.48mm2，治愈131颗（18.5%），7颗改治疗；第1和第2次治疗治愈率（1个月治愈率）为83.8%。3次治疗52颗，平均结石大小79.60mm2，治愈50颗（7.1%），2颗改治疗；4次治疗19颗，平均结石大小101.63mm2，治愈17颗（2.4%），2颗改治疗；5次及5次以上治疗33颗，平均结石大小119.33mm2，治愈28颗（3.9%），5颗改治疗。总计19颗（2.7%）结石改变治疗方式。上段输尿管结石335颗，治愈321颗（95.8%），再治疗129颗（38.5%）。下段输尿管结石374颗，治愈369颗（98.7%），再治疗113颗（30.2%）。经χ2检验，上、下段输尿管结石的再治疗率差异有显著性（χ2=5.40，p＜0.05），治愈率差异无显著性（χ2=0.15，p＞0.05）。不良反应：血压升高13例（1.9%），震波区域疼痛26例（3.8%），震波进入处皮肤点状淤血33例（4.8%），肉眼血尿128例（18.6%），均于第2、3天自行消失。结论 eswl目前仍是输尿管结石的第一线治疗，结石的大小是再治疗率高的主要因素。结石的位置有影响，上段输尿管结石可随呼吸移动，有效震波次数减少，再治疗率比下段输尿管结石高。eswl前注重病例筛选可降低再治疗率。

The results demonstrated that the fractional conversion and reaction rate were rapidly increased in the initial curing reaction. The higher the curing temperature, the higher the fractional conversion and reaction rate was. With increasing of the curing temperature and time, the fractional conversion and reaction rate decreased and became constantly. The initial curing reaction was a first order reaction. The apparent activation energy and frequency factor of curing reaction used G- capryl ester was bigger than that of used G-oligomer.

结果表明：固化体系在研究的固化温度下，转化率和反应速率在固化反应初期增加快速，温度越高增加越快，随着固化时间的延长，这种变化逐渐变慢，并最终趋于恒定；初期固化反应为一级反应，反应初期的表观活化能和指前因子大小顺序为G-预聚体＞G-辛酯。

The reaction mechanism between nickel ion and butynediols in the electroless plating process was analyzed. The results show that the change of BOZ concentration is a quasi first-order reaction, the change of the nickel ion concentration is related to the BOZ density, and this change belongs to a higher order reaction. The reaction rate equation was determined as dC/dt=-8.585×10^(-4)+1.188×10^(-4)t-4.64×10^(-6)t^2+5.8×10^(-8)t^3-2.3×10^(-11)t^4. The activation energy of this process decreases as temperature increases, and it decreases with the BOZ concentration as 64-423 mg/L, it increases with the BOZ concentration as 123~240 mg/L. The S value is positively correlated to temperature, when the temperature is 80℃, the reaction rate and S value are the largest; while when the temperature is above 80℃ and BOZ concentration is over 160 mg/L, S value and the reaction rate decrease gradually.

结果表明，镀液中BOZ浓度的变化是准一级反应，镍离子的浓度变化与BOZ的浓度有关，属多级反应，其反应速率方程为dC/dt=-8.585×10^(-4)+1.188×10^(-4)t-4.64×10^(-6)t^2+5.8×10^(-8)t^3-2.3×10^(-11)t^4，反应体系的活化能E随温度的升高而减少，随BOZ浓度的变化而变化：当BOZ浓度在64~123mg/L时，E线性减少；在123~240mg/L时E线性增加。S随温度的升高而增加，当温度达到80℃时S值最大，反应速度最大；当温度超过80℃，BOZ浓度大于160mg/L时，蝎的值逐渐减少，反应速度降低。

Result Richards Model and Monodic Quadratic Equation could properly describe grain dry matter growing process and the change process of grain filling rate with days after anthesis. There was big difference in average grain filling rate, maximum grain filling rate under different planting density. Average grain filling rate 1.26 mg/ and maximum grain filling rate 2.44 mg/ of T7 were the quickest, and the average grain filling rate 0.94 mg/ and maximum grain filling rate 1.99 mg/ of T12 were the slowest, and the maximum difference percentage of the average grain filling rate and maximum grain filling rate among different density were 33.98%, 22.61%. There was significant correlation between average grain filling rate, maximum grain filling rate, grain filling active duration, rapid increasing stage and thousand grain weight, and the correlation coefficients were 0.628*, 0.630*, 0.849**, 0.739**. Active grain filling duration contributed mostly to TGW.

结果不同密度处理间千粒重、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、单株穗数、单位面积籽粒产量均存在显著差异；不同密度处理冬小麦的籽粒灌浆均符合慢－快－慢的&S&型生长特性，用Richards模型能很好地模拟冬小麦籽粒增重过程，用一元二次抛物线方程能较好地模拟冬小麦灌浆速率随花后时间变化过程；不同密度处理间平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率有较大差异，最大差异率分别为33.98%、22.61%，T7的平均灌浆速率1.26mg/及最大灌浆速率2.44mg/均最大，T12的平均灌浆速率0.94mg/及最大灌浆速率1.99mg/均最小；平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、灌浆活跃期、灌浆快增期与千粒重显著或极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0.628*、0.630*、0.849**、0.739**；通径分析表明，灌浆活跃期对千粒重的贡献最大。

The four reaction channels including hydroxyl-type benzaldoxime are endothermic reaction, thermodynamically non-spontaneous process, but the other four reaction channels including ion-type benzaldoxime participation are exothermic reaction and thermodynamically spontaneous process. The latter four reaction channels, which have lower reaction barriers, faster reaction velocities and bigger equilibrium constants than those of the former fours, are the chief reaction channels.

苯甲醛肟以羟基型参与反应的4个反应通道均为吸热反应和热力学非自发过程，它们均具有较高的反应势垒、较慢的反应速率和较小的平衡常数；而以离子型参与反应的四个反应通道均为放热反应和热力学自发过程，它们的反应势垒较低，反应速度较快，平衡常数也较大，故苯甲醛肟应主要以离子型参与反应。

At present,the rate laws and reaction mechanisms of pyrite oxidation,pyrite and chalcopyrite formation,uraninite and magnetite dissolution in aqueous solutions are mainly studied,and it is discovered that (1)oxidation rate of pyrite controlled by surface reaction assume fractional dependence on Fe3+ and O2 molalities in acid solutions;(2)Pyrite cannot nucleate directly from solutions below 300 ℃,it can only form initially through sulfidation of a FeS precursor. The rate equation of reaction between FeS and H2S to form pyrite is of the second order;(3)Chalcopyrite is formed by reactions of pyrrhotite or pyrite with Cu2+,the former proceeds via a series of mediate metastable phases of Cu-Fe sulfide,whereas the rate equation of the latter is apparently of the first order which is controlled by surface reaction;(4)The nonlinear behavior of magnetite dissolution at acid pH can be represented by a shrinking core model coupling with surface reaction and diffusion transport.

目前主要研究了水溶液中黄铁矿氧化、黄铁矿和黄铜矿形成、晶质铀矿和磁铁矿溶解的速率定律和反应机理，发现：(1)酸性溶液中黄铁矿的氧化速率对Fe3+和O2浓度呈分数依赖并受表面反应的控制；(2)低于300 ℃时黄铁矿不能从溶液中直接成核，而需初始地通过FeS先驱物的硫化生成，FeS与H2S反应形成黄铁矿的速率方程为二级；(3)磁黄铁矿或黄铁矿与Cu2+反应均可形成黄铜矿，前者经历了一系列准稳的Cu-Fe硫化物的中间物，后者的速率方程为表观一级并受表面反应的控制；(4)酸性pH时磁铁矿的非线性溶解行为可采用表面反应扩散输运耦合的收缩核模型来描述。

G.E.Hubb root is from 0.20mm to 0.50mm, and 95% roots, diameter is thinner than 0.40mm. The total surface areas of roots is 10139.68cm^2, and the surface areas of roots is about 2 to 3 times to soil surface areas in the surface layer. Enlacing sod concretion to soil profile of Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb root and the gigantic adsorption to soil grains of root surface are the mechanism why Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb can reduce null and water loss significantly. The monitoring result from 2003 to 2004 indicates that, when the gradient is 12 degrees, the runoff rate of planting Eulaliopsis binata Retz. G.E. Hubb completely after changing slope land to ladder (PECC, so as the follows is only 49.90m^3/hm^2?yr. and the soil loss rate is 155.78kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of fanning and being not change slope land to ladder is 314.29m^3/hm^2?yr that is 6.30 times to PECC ,and the soil loss rate is 3322.50 that is 21.33 times to PECC; When the gradient is 24 degrees, the runoff rate of planting eulaliopsis binata G.E, Hubb in the ridge and border slope land after changing slope land to ladder is 248.04m^3/hm^3?yr and the soil loss rate is 612.00kg/hm^3?yr. the runoff rate of PECC is only 42.44m^3/hm^2?yr and the soil loss rate is 153.75kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of ENC reaches to 785.73m^3/hm62?yr that is 3.17 times to PERBC and 18.52 times to PECC, and the soil lose rate reaches to 37503m^3/hm^2 yr that is 61.33 times to PERBC and 244.12 times to PECC.

蓑草根系平均直径0.20~0.50mm， 95%的根系平均直径小于0.40mm，根系总表面积10139.68cm^2，在土壤表层根系表面积高达土体表面积的2~3倍，根系表面对土壤颗粒的巨大吸附作用是蓑草显著提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的另一个重要原因。2003~2004年的监测结果表明，在12度坡度情况下，坡改梯后净作蓑草年径流量仅49.90立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量为155.78kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下，年径流量314.29立方公尺／hm^2为前者的6.30倍，年土壤流失量3322.50Kg/hm^2为前者的21.33倍；在24度坡度情况下，坡改梯后土埂及边坡种植蓑草、坡面农作年径流量248.04立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量612.00kg/hm^2，坡改梯后净作蓑草径流量42.44立方公尺/hm^2，土坡流失量l53.75kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下年径流量高达785.73立方公尺/hm^2，分别为处理1的3.17倍，处理2的18.52倍，年土壤流失量高达37503kg/hm^2，分别为处理1的61.33倍，处理2的244.12倍。

The optimum reaction conditions are obtained by orthogonal exptl. design; ring-opening reaction:n:n = 1:1.3, Hexamethylenetetramine catalyst 0.7%,reaction temp. is 80℃, reaction time is 7 h, and concentration of inhibitor is 0.3%. ring-closing reaction : n:n=1:0.9, reaction temp. is 40℃, reaction time is 5 h.

通过正交设计确定了最佳工艺条件为：开环反应：六次甲基四胺用量0.7%(占反应物总量的质量百分比)，阻聚剂用量0.3%(占反应物总量的质量百分比)，ECH：MAA的摩尔比为1.3：1，温度80℃，反应时间7h ；闭环反应：氯醇酯： NaOH的摩尔比为1：0.9，反应温度40℃，反应时间5h。

The paper reviews the progress of ionic liquids as microwave medium or catalyst in the fields of organic synthesis, mainly including cyclization reation, nucleophilic subsitution reaction, metathesis reaction, acylation reation, rearragement reaction, polymerization reaction, coupling reaction, oxidation and reduction reaction as well as selective debromination reaction etc.

本文综述了以离子液体为反应介质或催化剂的微波辅助技术在多种类型有机反应中的研究成果，主要包括了环合反应、亲核取代反应、金属复分解反应、酰化反应、重排反应、聚合反应、偶联反应、氧化还原反应和选择性脱溴反应等。

By using a fracture simulation unit,the regularity that temperature,flow rate and fracture width influence on HCl/dolomite reaction rate is investigated.The sequence of temperature,flow rate,acid concentration and fracture width influence to the acidic rock reaction rate is also studied in a four factors and four levels orthonormal test,and the sequence that acid concentration＞flow rate＞temperature＞fracture width is found.At the last,the possible HCl/dolomite reaction mechanism model which can explain the influence factors is derived.

文中利用人工模拟裂缝装置，研究了温度、注酸排量、裂缝宽度等因素对盐酸/白云岩反应速率的影响规律；并采用四因素四水平的正交试验，综合考察了温度、排量、酸浓度、缝宽四种因素对酸岩反应速率的影响的主次顺序，发现对酸岩反应速率影响力的大小次序为：酸浓度＞排量＞温度＞缝宽；最后，提出了盐酸/白云岩反应可能的机理模式，并根据这一模式对诸因素的影响进行了合理的解释。

As of Tuesday, Google's results were still censored in China.

截至周二，谷歌的搜索结果仍受中国审查。

In order to make the positive action increase and negative one decrease, the sub-forces of the social factors must be adjusted to form a centripetal force.

在这一过程中，人的主体性发挥是社会有机体健康发展的灵魂。