查询词典 probability density

The fiber length has only little influence on the basic density within the growth rings, and significant correlation at 0.01 levels was found between the basic density and the fiber length among the different rings. Only slight negative correlation was found between the basic density and the fiber width within the growth rings, but significant positive correlation at 0.01 levels was indicated between the basic density and the fiber width among the growth rings, contrary to that of fiber length. It was demonstrated that significant positive correlations at 0.01 levels between the basic density and fiber double wall thickness, fiber length to width ratio and double wall thickness to diameter ratio, significant negative correlations at 0.01 levels between the basic density and fiber diameter and diameter to width ratio, only slight negative correlation between the basic density and fiber width both in the same growth rings and among the different growth rings. No significant correlation was found between the basic density and the vessel morphological features, nor was the tissue proportion in the same growth rings. But among the different rings, it was found there was significant positive correlation at 0.01 levels between the basic density and the fiber proportion among the different rings, and significant negative correlation at 0.01 levels between the basic density and vessel-elements proportion and ray proportion, only slight negative correlation between the basic density and the parenchym proportion. Significant or no significant negative correlation was found between the basic density and the microfibril angle in the same growth rings, but significant negative correlation was found between the basic density and the microfibril angle among the different growth rings.

生长轮内纤维长度对基本密度的影响不大，而在不同生长轮间纤维长度与基本密度达极显著正相关，纤维宽度与此相反，同一生长轮内纤维宽度与基本密度极显著负相关，不同生长轮间只有微弱负相关；基本密度与纤维双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比在生长轮内和生长轮间均呈极显著正相关，而与胞腔直径、腔径比均呈极显著负相关，仅与纤维宽度呈微弱的负相关；导管形态对基本密度的影响不显著；同一生长轮内组织比量对基本密度的影响也不显著，但不同生长轮间基本密度与纤维比量呈极显著正相关，与导管比量和木射线比量呈极显著负相关，与轴向薄壁细胞比量仅呈不显著负相关；生长轮内基本密度与微纤丝角呈显著或不显著负相关，但在生长轮间这种负相关达到极显著水平。

Optical density d of the material or the density of photographic film itself d field part of density d the density of the deep and change some of the most high density (h-red, green, or blue channels in maximum density) L intermediate density density (red, green, or blue channels in minimum density) M minimum density (red, green, or blue channels in the middle of the density) T transmission 4.2Murray-Davies formula in the measurement of surface films, film dot business card printing and membership card making dot area usually is the most important parameters.

光学密度 D 材料或片基本身的密度 D 实地部分的密度 D 深浅变化部分的密度 H 最高密度（红，绿或蓝通道的最大密度） L 中间密度密度（红，绿或蓝通道的最小密度） M 最低密度（红，绿或蓝通道的中间密度） T 透射率 4.2Murray-Davies公式在测量胶片的表面网点面积时，胶片制卡和会员卡制作网点面积通常是最重要的参数。

Then we introduced transition probability kernel for the hidden state process and the confederated process. In the deep research, we found that some similar parameters of state transition probability, observation symbol probability and initial state probability were involved in the transition probability kernel of the confederated process. So we can complete the training of traditional HMM parameters by training the transition probability kernel of the confederated process. To our surprised, we got the consistency of transition probability kernel of the confederated process. Meanwhile, we proved the rationality and reliability of the parameters estimation equations under the classical B-W algorithm.

然后对联合过程的转移概率核展开研究，我们根据过程的取值空间的不同，引入了隐状态空间和联合过程空间上的转移概率核，研究中发现在联合空间上的转移概率核包含了在一般的隐马氏模型的参数估计中的所有类似的三组参数(转移概率，观测概率和初始概率)，因此对传统的隐马氏模型的参数训练我们可以通过联合过程的转移概率核的训练来完成，更令我们惊奇的是联合过程的转移概率核还具有一致性；同时对于Baum提出的经典的B-W算法给出的关于模型的参数重估计公式，证明了它的合理性和可靠性，即模型经过重估计后的参数能够满足给定的单观测序列在模型下发生的概率是单调递增的。

Bamboo variation ofmicrodensity of all age-degree and all height bamboo from bamboo green tobamboo yellow as follows:The downtrend ladder of microdensity the firststage from bamboo green to bamboo yellow is relatively large,normally at theplace 0.35 from bamboo hull(the thickness of from bamboo hull to bambooyellow is 1)micro-density downtrend ladder begin to get smaller,variancerange of microdensity is smaller.When reaching near bamboo yellow area,microdensity reaches its minimum value,and when reaching bamboo yellowsection density increase rapidly,the minimum density of bamboo is only 50% orless of maximum density.Bamboo yellow is comprised of stone cells whichhave thick cell wall,so its density is high,normally 50% to 100% more thanminimum density.Bamboo yellow′s lay thickness is thin,normally the samethickness for all age-degree and all height bamboo,about 0.8mm.From 1 age-degree bamboo to 2 age-degree bamboo during growth,the increase of averagedensity is mainly in bamboo pulp section,from 3 age-degree bamboo to 4 age-degree bamboo,the decrease of average density is mainly decrease in the pulpsection.Same age,same height,the less the density ladder of bamboo radialthickness,the higher the mechanical strength.

所有年龄所有高度的竹材微密度从竹青到竹黄对材性变异规律如下：从竹青到竹黄开始下降梯度较大，一般到相对竹皮距离0.35左右处(整个竹壁厚度为1)，竹材微密度下降梯度减小，微密度的变化范围变小，到近竹黄处，微密度达最小值，而后到竹黄部位密度大幅上升，竹材最小密度一般只有最大密度的50％或更低，竹黄由厚壁的石细胞组成，所以密度较大，一般比最小密度增大约50％-100％，厚度较薄，不同年龄不同高度竹材的竹黄厚度相差无几，约在0.8mm左右；竹材从1度竹到2度竹生长过程中，平均密度的增长主要发生在竹肉部分，从3度竹到4度竹生长过程中，平均密度的下降主要发生在竹肉部分，同一年龄同一高度，竹壁厚径向的密度梯度越小，力学强度越高，随着年龄的增大，密度梯度越来越小(1度竹除外)，随着高度增加，密度梯度越来越大。

Chapter 1 we introduce the risk process with positive and negative risk sums,show the background of the risk process. Chapter 2 we show the integral and differential equation of birth probability,give the Lundberg inequation that the ruin probability satisfies with martingale approach,then discuss then ruin probability of the risk process with two dependent positive and negative risk sums,study how the dependence impacts on the ruin probability. Chapter 3 we compare the concrete examples by numbers,and makes further comparison between the two results coming out of independency and dependency,with the purpose of narrating their respective impacts on the probability of ruin probability.

本文第一章引入含正、负风险和的风险模型，介绍风险过程的实际背景；第二章给出生存概率Φ所满足的积分-微分方程，利用典型鞅方法给出破产概率Ψ满足的Lundberg不等式，并且讨论两个相关正、负风险和模型的破产概率，研究相关性对破产概率的影响；第三章对具体实例给出数值比较，进一步把相关性和独立性两种情形的结果进行比较，说明对破产概率的影响。

Based on probability theory, a method for describing and calculating the collision probability between rendezvous and docking vehicle and debris is presented, and the method involves quantitatively analyzing the collision probability using quasi maximum instantaneous collision probability and total collision probability. The method calculating the indexes is developed, and the input required to perform a calculation includes the respective state vectors, position error covariance matrices and physical sizes of objects involved.(3) Two methods to analyze relative trajectory safety between chaser and target are developed, which are 3-sigma ellipsoid based methodology and collision probability based methodology.

1分析了交会对接各阶段面临的主要轨迹安全威胁，阐述了被动和主动安全策略、目标器的交会对接控制区域等保证交会安全的措施；(2)基于概率思想发展了线性和非线性运动情况下飞行器与空间碎片的碰撞判断方法，提出采用总碰撞概率和拟最大瞬时碰撞概率来综合描述飞行器与空间碎片的碰撞危险程度，推导了通过飞行器和空间碎片各自的状态矢量、位置误差协方差矩阵以及形状尺寸来计算碰撞概率的公式；(3)提出了两种分析追踪器和目标器之间相对轨迹安全的新方法：基于3σ椭球的轨迹安全分析方法和基于碰撞概率的轨迹安全分析方法。

It was found that 0.25%o potassium sorbate produced a positive inhibition against short G+ spore bacillus with a concentration less than 5xl04cfu/ml. A concentration less than %o potassium sorbate hardly exerted a complete control towards short G- plump bacillus having a population density of 5x104cfu/ml. It was proved that use of l% potassium sorbute never controlled the growth of G+ coccus, G~ spirilla and enterobacter with a population density of 104cfu/ml. 1mmol EDTA completely controlled the growth of G+ short spore bacillus and G+ coccus whose cell density was 5xl04cfu/ml. A level of lmmol EDTA showed a limited inhibition against the growth of G- spirilla with a population density of 105 cfu/ml. However, a level of 10mmol EDTA completely controlled the growth of the G- spiral bacteria having a population density of 105cfu/ml. lOmmol EDTA produced a very significant control towards the growth of G"" plump short bacillus with 105cfu/ml. 20mmol EDTA showed a remarkable inhibition against the enterobacter with a population density of 105cfu/ml. Different concentrations of nisin including 25mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 75mg/mL and 100mg/mL were used as bio-preservative to examine its effects against the growth of all strains leading to the spoilage of fresh mutton meat. It was seen that there was a big difference in nisin's concentrations in inhibiting the spoiling bacteria. Generally speaking, as more as 75mg/mL of nisin significantly inhibited the growth of G+ short spore bacillus, G-plump short bacillus, enterobacter, G'spiral bacteria and G+ coccus having a population density of 105cfu/ml.

分别运用山梨酸钾、EDTA和Nisin对7种主要引起羊肉腐败的微生物进行了抑菌实验，结果显示，0.25‰以上山梨酸钾能够有效抑制5×10~4 cfu／mL以下的革兰氏阳性短芽孢杆菌的生长；1‰以下的山梨酸钾不能完全抑制5×10~4 cfu／mL革兰氏阴性粗短杆菌的生长，对10~4 cfu／mL革兰氏阳性球菌菌株、革兰氏阴性螺旋菌菌株和肠杆菌菌株抑制效果不太明显。1mmoL EDTA能完全抑制住小于10~5 cfu／mL革兰氏阳性短芽孢杆菌菌株、革兰氏阳性球菌菌株的生长，能明显的抑制10~5 cfu／mL的革兰氏阴性粗短杆菌菌株生长，对10~5 cfu／mL的革兰氏阴性螺旋菌菌株有一定的抑制作用。10mmoL EDTA能完全抑制住10~5 cfu／mL革兰氏阴性螺旋菌菌株的生长；能明显抑制10~5 cfu／mL的革兰氏阴性粗短杆菌菌株的生长，而20 mmoL EDTA能很明显抑制10~5 cfu／mL肠杆菌菌株的生长。25mg／mL、50 mg／mL、75 mg／mL和100 mg／mL的Nisin几乎对所有引起羊肉的腐败菌有抑制作用，但抑制程度不同，抑菌活性有一定的变化。

After the joint probability density function between the 'float' ambiguity solution and the fixed ambiguity solution is introduced in this section, the conditional probability density function of the integer ambiguity solution is gotten according to this joint probability density function.

在介绍了模糊度浮点解和其固定解的联合概率密度函数之后，本文根据这个联合概率密度函数得到了模糊度整数解的条件概率密度函数。

First,we deprived probability density of median closely according to probability density formula of Laplace distribution,from general to special; then we proved the unbiasedness of L 1 estimation according to probability density of median.

笔者基于误差分布理论及概率统计理论，由Laplace分布的概率密度函数公式出发，采用由一般情形到特殊情形的推理方法，严密地推导

Events,Operation and Relation of Sets, Classical Probability, Geometrical Probability , Statistical Stability of a Frequency, Axioms of Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability Theorem, Bayes' Rule,Independent Events,Independent Repeated Trials, One Dimensional Random Variables, Discrete Random Variables, Distribution Function of a Random Variables , Continuous Random Variables, Normal Distribution, Distribution of a Function of a Random Variable, Multidimensional Random Variables, Joint Distribution Function, Marginal Distribution Function,Discrete Two—Dimensional Random Variables,Continuous Two—Dimensional Random Variables, Independent Random Variables, Distribution of Functions of Random Variables,Expectation,Variance, Covariance, Coefficient of Correlation, Bivariate Normal Distribution, Law of Large Numbers, The Central Limit Theorems, Sample and Population ,Chi—Squared, T and F Distributions , Sampling Distributions , Point Estimation , Interval Estimation , Testing Hypotheses , A Test of Significance for Parameters in a Single Sample From a Normally Distributed Population , A Test of Significance for Parameters in Two Sample From Normally Distributed Populations .

本课程的主要内容：概率的概念与运算、随机变量及其分布、随机变量的数字特征与极限定理、数理统计的基本概念、估计和检验的基本方法，随机事件与概率随机事件、事件的关系与运算、几何概率、统计概率等，条件概率、全概率公式、贝叶斯公式、事件的独立性、二项概率公式，随机变量的概念、离散型随机变量、随机变量的分布函数、连续型随机变量、随机变量函数的分布，多维随机变量及其分布函数、边缘分布函数、随机变量的独立性、二维随机变量函数的分布，数学期望、方差、协方差和相关系数、大数定律、中心极限定理，总体与样本， X 2-分布、 t-分布和 F-分布，统计量及抽样分布，假设检验的基本概念、单个正态总体参数的显著性检验、两个正态总体参数的显著性检验。

The circulation, consumption and reproduction of the trilogy have not only testified to its historical significance and literariness, but also invested it with new meanings.

该三部曲的流通、消费与再生产不仅验证了其历史意义及文学性，而切还赋予它以新的意义。

If he thought that he could buy me off, he would be wrong.

如果他认为他可以收买我，那他就大错特错了。