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According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

In order to assess the change of triploid populus tomentoza pulp plantation long-term-site productivity, The paper studied on effects of aboveground litterfall, fine root turnover and wet dust precipitation in nutrient cycling of triploid populus tomentoza pulp plantations at different ages,namely 2a、4a、5a、6a.It studied influence of different factors on decomposition of leaf、tree bark and twig of triploid populus tomentoza to select the operations to accelerate the decomposition and nutrient release. Finally, it studied influence of different intercrops on plantation site productivity and the relationship of intercrops and triploid populus tomentoza to select suitable intercrops. The main results as follows:(1)The aboveground litterfall of triploid populus tomentoza increased along with age from 216.03±59.7gm~(-2) at 3a to 482.38±101.3gm~(-2) at 7a, The N returned by litterfall wasl8.38±2.46kg.hm~(-2)a~-121.63±2.25kg.hm~(-2a~-139.51±4.61kg.hm~(-2a~-138.89±4.89kg.hm~(-2a~(-1) at 3a、5a、6a、7a respectively. The P returned by litterfall was 5.80±0.62kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)、8.16±0.94kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1), 11.31±1.33kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)、11.76±1.37kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1) at 3a、5a、6a、7a respectively. The nutrient returned by fine root turnover increased along with age, too. The N returned by fine root turnover was 3.85±0.41kghm~(-2)a~(-1)、5.22±0.63kghm~(-2)a~(-1),7.62±0.89kghm~(-2)a~(-1),9.17±1.22kghm~(-2)a~(-1) at 3a、5a、6a、7a respectively. The P returned by fine root turnover was 0.73±0.07kghm~(-2)a~(-1)、1.69±0.09kghm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.92±0.31kghm~(-2)a~(-1)、1.96±0.21kghm~(-2)a~(-1) at 3a、5a、6a、7a respectively. The leaf was the principal pathway to return nutrient to soil among litterfall, fine root turnover and wet dust precipitation. The proportion of returned N by leaf was 74.84%、71.96%、78.58%、75.03% at 3a、5a、6a、7a respectively,The proportion of returned P by leaf was 85.93%、80.31%、83.04%、83.23% at 3a、5a、6a、7a respectively. Therefore, it is important to protect and utilize the leaf in order to maintenance and enhance the long-term-site productivity of triploid populus tomentoza pulp plantation.

本文采取时序研究法，以3a、5a、6a、7a共4个不同年龄的三倍体毛白杨纸浆林为对象，研究了地上凋落物、细根周转、湿沉降在林分N、P营养元素循环中的作用及不同年龄林分N、P营养元素循环的特征，以评价三倍体毛白杨纸浆林长期立地生产力的变化；采取网袋法研究了不同因素对落叶、树皮、树枝分解的影响，以确定加快其分解、促进养分释放的措施：同时研究了不同间作物对林地影响、林木与间作物之间关系，以选择能维持立地生产力的合适的间作物种类等内容，得到以下结论：(1)随着年龄的增加，三倍体毛白杨地上凋落物的数量从3a的216.03±59.7gm~(-2)增加到7a的482.38±101.3gm~(-2)，通过凋落物归还的N分别为：3a时为18.38±2.46kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，5a时为21.63±2.25kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，6a时为39.51±4.61kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，7a时为38.89±4.89kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，归还的P分别为：3a时为5.80±0.62kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，5a时为8.16±0.94kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，6a时为11.31±1.33kg.hm~(-2)a~(-1)，7a时为11.76±1.37kg.hm~(-2)a~-1随着年龄的增加，通过细根周转归还的养分也在增加，归还的N分别为：3a时3.85±0.41kghm~(-2a~(-1)，5a时5.22±0.63kghm~(-2)a~(-1)，6a时7.62±0.89kghm~(-2)a~(-1)，7a时9.17±1.22kghm~(-2)a~-1归还的P分别为：3a时0.73±0.07kghm~(-2a~(-1)，5a时1.69±0.09kghm~(-2)a~(-1)，6a时1.92±0.31kghm~(-2)a~(-1)，7a时1.96±0.21kghm~(-2)a~-1从地上凋落物、细根周转、湿沉降三种不同途径归还林地养分所占的比例来看，地上凋落物中的落叶是归还养分主要途径，年龄在3a、5a、6a、7a时，通过落叶归还的N所占比例分别为74.84%、71.96%、78.58%和75.03%，归还的P所占比例分别为85.93%、80.31%、83.04%和83.23%。

One of the reasons for this has to do with the fact that global warming not only increases precipitation worldwide, but it also relocates the precipitation.

其中一个原因，是全球变暖不但增加降雨量，还使其重新分布。

In the orthogonal designable experiment ,the analysis results of zirconium source, precipitation , the sulfating agent is 1.54%, 2.27%, 5.11%,respectively. This result show that the influence of sulfating agent to the catalytic activity is the biggest. Under the same density of the sulfuric acid soaks, the effect of sulfuric acid is well compared to ammonium sulfate .The second is the precipitation, but the influence of the zirconia source is the smallest.

正交设计实验中锆源、沉淀剂、硫酸化试剂的极差分析结果分别为1.54%，2.27%，5.11%，此结果说明硫酸化试剂对催化剂的影响最大，其次是沉淀剂，锆源的影响最小，同时表明以Zr(NO3)4·5H2O为锆源、乙胺为沉淀剂、硫酸为硫酸化试剂是催化剂的最佳制备方案。

Based on review of the main progresses in precipitation extremes under the background of global wanning, this study discusses the character of change in precipitation extremes.

回顾了气候变化背景下的极端降水事件变化观测研究的主要进展，结合全球变化的特点，重点讨论了中国极端降水事件的变化特征。

The effects of magnetic seed, aluminum sulphate and pH value on phosphorus adsorption, precipitation and coagulation were surveyed. The results made it clear that Al ion as precipitant and coagulant was the main effect factor on P removal; as adsorbent magnetic seed had little effect on P removal, but made the phosphate precipitate sink faster; pH value had effect on both precipitation and adsorption.

研究了磁种、硫酸铝、pH值等对磷的吸附、沉淀、凝聚的影响，结果表明：铝离子的沉淀作用是除磷的主要原因；磁种的吸附作用对除磷的贡献较小，但使磷酸盐沉淀物的沉降性能大大提高；pH值既影响沉淀作用，也影响吸附作用。

APBN was isolated from the supernatant by three methods: ammonium sulphate precipitation, organic solvent precipitation and ultrafiltration.

比较了硫酸铵盐析法、有机溶剂沉淀法和超滤法对纳豆菌抗菌蛋白的提取效果。

Basing on the Doppler reflectivity map, the entire precipitation rain bands were apparent westward rotation process. And basing on Doppler radial velocity map, the configuration of low-level convergence with high-level divergence is conducive to the precipitation occurrence and development. The rainstorm resulted from the cloud band maintaining over the rainfall zone.

从多普勒反射率因子图上，整个降水雨带为明显的旋转西进过程；多普勒径向速度图上，低层辐合高层辐散的配置有利于降水的发生发展，暴雨是长时间维持在其上空的强降雨云带造成的。

The correlation coefficients of 12 of the 35 meteorological factors with wheat yield were significant at the 0.05 level. The precipitation during filling stage and winter wheat yield was significantly corelated, and the direct path coefficient was the highest, and it contributed the most to wheat yield, followed by the precipitation of elongating stage and turning green period. The evapotranspiration in April and May negatively correlated significantly with winter wheat yield at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

在与小麦产量相关的35个气象因子中，有12个因子的相关系数达到了显着或极显着水平，其中灌浆期降水与冬小麦产量呈极显着相关，且直接通径系数最高，对小麦产量贡献率最大；其次是拔节期降水量和返青期降水量；4、5月份的蒸发量与冬小麦产量密切相关，分别接近显着和达到极显着水平，它们对小麦产量形成起较大的负向作用；小麦越冬期间的气温也是不可忽视的气象因素。

Starting from the correlation between precipitation and crop water requirement in Chaoyang County,the profit and loss of natural precipitation and the drought situations in Chaoyang Area were discussed by using the balance formula of crop water requirement and drought index method.

从朝阳县降水量与作物需水量之间的关系出发，应用作物水量平衡公式和干旱指数法，探讨朝阳地区自然降水的盈亏与干旱情况。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。