查询词典 pre-estimate

Among the highlights of Sotheby's spring sale: a white jade Qianlong period seal that earned HK$95.86 million, about double its presale estimate, and an 18th Century Imperial Court necklace that fetched HK$67.86 million, or about eight times the estimate.

在苏富比香港春季拍卖会重点推介的拍品中，有一枚乾隆年间的白玉印章，它卖出了9，586万港元，比拍卖前的估价高出了约一倍，一串18世纪的皇家御用项链卖出了6，786万港元，约为拍卖前估价的八倍。

CT findings of GP included gas accumulation under the recess of xiphoid,gas accumulation in the area of lesser omentum,gas accumulation under the recess of peritoneal cavity,and seroperitoneum. Conclusion As a non-invasive examination means for abdomen,CT examination can discover whether there is dissociative gas or not and estimate the amount of gas in abdomen more rapidly and exactly.CT can also estimate the position of perforation elementarily.The recess under xiphoid is the first place where the dissociative gas assembles after gastrointestinal perforation.

材料与方法1 一般资料：1999年7月至2 0 0 4年1月我院经CT检查的胃肠穿孔的患者13例，其中男8例，女5例；年龄19～6 5岁，平均4 0 2岁。13例均行腹部CT平扫及站立位腹部X线平片检查，其中6例先行CT检查后行X线检查。8例既往有胃、十二指肠溃疡病史，2例有明显腹部外伤史。10例表现为突发上腹部疼痛、腹肌紧张，1例表现为明显右下腹部疼

Secondly, 4 methods of azimuth estimation based on vector hydrophone according to forms of nosie and signal are brought forward. The principles of these 4methods are set forth, simulating them by computer. Acoustic intensity averager can effectively suppress isotropic non-coherent interference; DOA based on line-spectra can effectively detect the target radiating line-spectra and estimate its azimuth angle; Bar graph approach can suppress line-spectra coherent interference and distinguish different targets radiating line-spectrum. Weighted bargraph approach can detect target in broadband coherent interference and estimate its azimuth angle.

其次，根据背景干扰和信号样式的不同，提出了单矢量水听器方位估计的4种方法；阐述了这4种方法的原理，并进行了计算机仿真，指出平均声强器方位估计适用于各向同性噪声场背景干扰，讨论了平均声强器的处理增益；目标辐射噪声中有线谱时，线谱方位估计有很好的性能，其中的LOFAR线谱和高频解调得到的DEMON线谱都是目标的特征谱线，可以利用它们进行方位估计，详细讨论了利用特征线谱单个矢量水听器分辨多目标的性能；直方图方位估计能抗强线谱相干干扰；加权直方图方位估计可以抗宽带相干干扰。

Champer three propose two-stage GLMs to estimate claim number and paymentsper claim respectively so as to estimate the loss reserve of insurance company.

第三章采用两阶段广义线性模型分别对赔付次数和案均赔款进行估计，进而得到损失准备金的估计。

The anthors choose the sensitivity of estimate gene(geological disaster,subsistent resource and fluvial corrade etc) and the important estimate gene(terrain gradient,pitch altitude and the depth of rock etc) through the geological survey and impersonal analysis of the geo-environment in Jiujiang City .

通过对九江市地质环境的调查与客观实际情况分析，选取地质灾害、已有资源和河流侵蚀作用等作为敏感因子；选取地形坡度、斜坡高度、基岩埋深等作为重要因子；采用层次分析法确定评价因子权重，采用多目标决策的敏感因子-模糊聚类综合评判法对九江市城市建设用地地质环境质量评价。

After the analysis of the difficulties of force tracking in impedance control, the advantages and disadvantages of off-line parameter estimate algorithm, on-line parameter estimate algorithm and adaptive force control algorithm have been contrastively studied in the force regulation of HIT-1 dextrous robot hand.

本文在分析阻抗控制力跟踪难点的基础上，对比研究了离线环境参数估计法、在线环境参数估计法和自适应力跟踪法三种阻抗控制的力跟踪方法，并且从实际应用的角度出发提出了适合于HIT-1机器人灵巧手阻抗控制的自适应力跟踪方法。

In conventional indirected parameter estimate, such as Weighted Least Square Method, the changing activity of the injected radiotracer is conventionally measured through multiple consecutive PET image reconstructions. The image of the radioactivity distribution in each frame is reconstructed independently and the whole set of frames is then used to estimate the distribution of the physiological parameter of interest by the application of an appropriate pharmacokinetic model to the time radioactivity curve either of appropriately selected functional regions or of each image element.

传统的间接参数估计方法如加权最小二乘参数估计方法(Weighted Least SquareMethod，WLS)，需要首先从测量数据重建出PET动态放射性活度图像，然后在这些时间上连续的重建图像应用适当的动力学模型上估计感兴趣的生理参数，然而PET重建图像中往往含有极大的噪声，这些噪声将影响参数估计的准确性。

We introduced improved primary mixed glial culture and different-attachment method to isolate and purify the OPCs, the cells were proliferated in serum-free medium, flow cytometry and immunohischemistry methods were employed to estimate the purity of cultured OPCs. Their abilities of differentiation and expression of trophic factors were identified by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Several methods including TUNEL and MTT were adopted to estimate the protective effects of conditioned culture medium from oligodendrocyte lineage cells on the primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Intravitreal transplant of OPCs, combined with retrograde fluorescent labeling the superior colliculus and intraorbital optic nerve transection, were used to investigate the protective effects of OPCs on the axotomized RGCs in vivo. Intravitreal transplantof OPCs or NSCs on the newborn rats, and retinal transplant of OPCs on the young rats were performed, to observe the myelin formation in the retina at different stages after cellular transplantation. Optic nerve transection was carried out on some rats with myelinated retinae, to study the influence of myelination on the injuried RGCs.

为此，本研究采用改良的胶质细胞混合培养与差速贴壁方法获得大鼠OPCs，使用无血清培养基进行扩增、培养，用免疫组织化学和流式细胞技术对培养细胞的纯度进行鉴定，对少突胶质系细胞表达部分营养因子的情况进行检测；采用TUNEL、MTT等方法对少突胶质系细胞条件培养基对原代培养小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用进行检测；将OPCs移植入成年SD大鼠玻璃体内，利用上丘逆行荧光标记技术，观察眼内移植的OPCs对眶内视神经切断时的视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其持续时间；将OPCs或NSCs移植入新生和幼年SD大鼠玻璃体或视网膜内，观察不同时期视网膜内髓鞘形成与分布特点，分析髓鞘的超微结构，并观察眼内髓鞘形成对损伤神经节细胞的保护作用。

In practice, each sensor may have different observation dimension; that is to say, each sensor may make use of different model to observe the same target. In order to solve the above problem, by mapping among the state spaces, a nonequal dimension MAP estimate fusion algorithm between the output target estimate state and feedback is presented in this paper. Computer simulations show the effect of algorithm.

在实际中各传感器的观测信息维数不一致，也即各传感器可能采用不同的模型观测同一目标；为解决上述问题，通过建立状态映射，提出了输出目标估计状态之间维数不同情况下的带反馈极大验后估计融合方法，并通过计算机仿真验证了该算法的有效性。

In the first part, first of all, we have a priori estimate for solution of the reaction-diffusion equation with initial condition and Dirichret boundary conditions. Then, we construct a semidiscrete Legendre pseudospectral scheme, and have a priori estimate for approximate solution. We discuss the asymptotic stability of approximate solution. At last, we get a error estimation on large time for solution of the semidiscrete system.

首先，对此类方程初边值问题的解进行了先验估计；然后建立方程半离散的Legendre拟谱格式，并对近似解进行了先验估计，讨论了近似解的渐近稳定性；最后，得到了半离散系统解的长时间误差估计。

A carrier gas such as nitrogen is directed through line 20 and valve 22 to connect with line 26 and mix with the gas sample.

如氮气之类的载体通过管线20和阀22引入，与管线26相通，与气体样品混合。

But for the most part, knaves and parasites had the command of his fortune

然而支配他的家产的大多是恶棍和寄生虫。