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Centuries later, Edinburgh had developed into a town based on the castle. After the unification of England and Scotland, capitalism became the main character of the economy of Edinburgh. At that time, the old town of Edinburgh had arrived at a kind of saturation in the pre-industrialization of middle age: productivity and acceptance level had reached the limit in terms of city plane, space dimensions and city functions. When the Industrial Revolution came, the population increased in times and a great deal of factories and residence were needed to be built up.

从第一次工业革命结束以来，这一郊区化过程可以划分为两个阶段：从1767年第一座新城动工至1850年第五座新城竣工为第一阶段，这一时期郊区化扩展规模大、速度快，建筑内容丰富等特点，故称其为爱丁堡城市郊区化的规模扩展阶段；第二阶段从19世纪50年代第六座新城和第七座新城相继建造至1890年七座新城内主要建筑的建设全部完毕，在这一阶段里，郊区化的城市面积扩展规模较小，重点在于完善城市内部的功能，因此这一阶段可称为郊区化的完善城市功能阶段。

Multiple trials is the basic concept of many parallel simulated annealing. It is to perform multiple trials at the same time to search acceptable solutions. The division simulated annealing with no communication and The clustering simulated annealing are two common types of parallel simulated annealing methods. The division simulated annealing with no communication makes each processor generate its own adjacent solution from its own current solution and compute the acceptance probability for a adjacent solution. Each of the processors searches solutions without communicating each other. Clustering simulated annealing makes each processor generate its own adjacent solution from a common current solution and compute the acceptance probability for each adjacent solution. Then, it decides which adjacent solution should be used to replace current solution according to a pre-specified rule.

许多平行模拟退火法之理论依据为多向试验，利用同一时间探索更多方向的试验来拓展搜寻的广度或深度，不进行沟通的分工模拟退火法(the division simulated annealing with no communication)以及丛集模拟退火法(the clustering simulated annealing)皆为平行化的模拟退火法，前者定义为各个处理器针对各自的起始解进行搜寻，产生各自的搜寻序列，在搜寻过程中处理器不进行任何沟通，各处理器仅针对自身之目前解进行搜寻；而后者定义为让所有处理器针对同一目前解进行运算搜寻各自的可能解，并各自决定其产出解之接受机率，最后根据事先决定之规则进行沟通比较，挑选其中一个可接受解取代目前解。

Neither of the pre-defined collection accessor classes will provide for accessing this kind of collection.

既不是预先定义的集合访问器类将提供这项服务的要求收集实物。

A ten-minute, pre-interview break will give you an opportunity to catch your breath and acclimate to your surroundings.

面试前的十分钟休息时间会让你喘口气，适应周围的环境。

Responsible for handling all bookings, pre-alerts, enquiries, tracing, supplies requests and resolving complaints of selected customers as well as meet all standards set as Key Account Service Manual.

在遵循重要客户服务手册中的标准的情况下处理来自目标客户的预约取件，发送预报，咨询，查询，供给环节中的要求，解决投诉。

It is suggested that the contributions of the pre-equilibrium fission can be ignored for the projectile with low or medium incoming energy to the target in actinium family, and even with high energy to the target in sub-actinium family.

对锕系核来说，在中低能的情况下，可以忽略预平衡裂变过程的影响；而对Pb等重核来说，即使在激发能比较高的情况下，也可以忽略预平衡裂变的贡献。

In pre-equilibrium fission fields, n＋~(238)U and p＋~(208)Pb reactions are studied by numerical solution of Smoluchowski equation, and their results can be extended to the fission reactions of those nuclei in actinium and sub-actinium family.

关于预平衡裂变，主要通过数值解Smoluchowski方程，对两个典型核反应n＋~(238)U和p＋~(208)pb的裂变过程进行了研究，并把结论推广到锕系核和重核的情况。

In addition to product sales, the company also provides pre-sales, after sale and special technical services.

除产品销售外，公司还提供售前、售后及专项技术服务。

We studied whether serum adiponectin concentration was associated with human asthma and explained the association between adiposity and asthma, particularly in women and in pre-menopausal women.

我们研究是否血清中的脂联素浓度和人类哮喘相关，并且试图解释肥胖和哮喘的关系，特别研究妇女和未进入更年期的妇女。

To ensure easy assembly, the seat and back of the Adirondack chair are pre-assembled and detailed instructions are included.

为了确保易于组装，座位和靠背座椅的阿迪朗达克预先组装和详细说明，均包括在内。

You can buy sweetened beverages, if that suits you.

你若喜欢的话，可以买些含有糖精的混合饮料。

As many of you are probably aware, Nick and Vanessa were recently faced with an embarrasing sex scandal after naked pictures of the two getting jiggy with it in a hot tub surfaced the net.

正如很多你可能知道，尼克和 Vanessa 最近面临一个尴尬的绯闻事件后，赤裸裸的图片两个越来越jiggy与它在浴缸中的一个热点浮现净。