查询词典 pragmatic

It was found that structural models of a swearing discourse possess 3 parts: the swearing appellation, the contumelious special swearing expression, and the auxiliary statement of swearing cause. Then 30 odd pragmatic functions were reported in the study that strongly display their competences in helping people, as those in Dream of the Red Chamber, to express their subtle feelings to the full in intricate situations and under complex mentality. Meanwhile, 4 pragmatic parameters were discovered in this analysis of data: the sex character of swearing explaining how sex as a pragmatic factor influences the speech act of swearing; the socio-cultural character of swearing which demonstrates how 8 aspects of socio-cultural elements affect the realization of swearing in English and Chinese; the courtesy character of swearing, and the psycho-cognitive character of swearing. Finally in terms of the responding strategies of swearing and their effects, the study evidenced that many strategies were used and that 3 possible types of effects were produced when confronting swearing: no response, expectant moderate response, and excessive response.

本文发现：詈骂言语行为的话语结构模式主要包括三部分，即詈骂性称呼语、侮辱性专门詈骂语和辅助性詈骂原因陈述；詈骂言语行为的语用功能，具体表现为30 多种，因而能够表达人们的复杂情感，《红楼梦》也借以淋漓尽致地表现各种人物的性格、心理和喜怒哀乐；构成詈骂言语行为的语用参数主要有四种，即詈骂的性别特征、詈骂的社会文化特征、詈骂的礼貌特征、詈骂的心理认知特征；人们在应对詈骂言语行为的时候，通常采用若干策略，产生三种可能的作用力，即不给予反应、预期的适度反应和过度反应。

Pragmatic failure is an academically hot issue in pragmatic and cross-cultural study at home and abroad.

跨文化语用失误是近年来语用学和跨文化交际学研究的热点问题。

For the purpose of analyzing the meaning of special conversation, I put forward a micro-pragmatic reasoning, too. And this reasong is called a temporary pragmatic reasoning. Meanwhile, the author points out that the enthymid reasoning is a reasoning with enthymeme. It is also a non-proved logic congitive phenomenon used to confirm the hypothesis.

为分析特殊会话含义，本文提出了微观语用推理即临时语用推理，指出它是带有"缺省项"的"缺省推理"，是一种对假设确认的非论证逻辑认知现象。

This paper aims to explain the cause of interlingual pragmatic failure and intralingual pragmatic failure with Verschueren's Adaptation Theory.It points out that the main cause of these two kinds of pragmatic failures is that in the course of communication either the utterer or the interpreter fails to adapt language to communicative context(i.e.,language users,physical world,social world and mental world).

以交际发生在跨文化还是同一文化为标准，把语用失误分为语际语用失误与语内语用失误，并从顺应理论的角度分别阐释这两种类型的语用失误产生的根本原因，即都是在言语交际过程中，由于交际的任何一方忽视了语言与交际语境诸因素（如语言使用者、物理世界、社交世界、心理世界等）的动态顺应而造成的。

The second chapter is on the category of pragmatic quantity which are expressed by modality, Three "shi" structures expressing pragmatic quantity are discussed: the adverbs of degree "henshi\',"zuishi" structures expressing subjectivity; the rhetoric question structure of "bushi" expressing different kinds and scales of pragmatic quantity; and the compound sentence structure of "bushi不是 A, jiushi B expressing emphasizing.

着重考察了三种表达语用量的&是&字结构：能进行主观表达的程度副词&很是、最是&、能表达语用量的不同类型和等次的特定句型&不是&型反问句、能表达强调功能的&不是A，就是B&复句格式。

In his discussion of the alleged self-referential inconsistency of eliminative materialism, Andrew Cling distinguishes between the justificatory, semantic, and pragmatic presuppositions of theories.

Cling（1989）在讨论EM的自指不一致的时候，区分了理论的'justificatory辩护的'、'semantic语义的'和'pragmatic语用的'预设。

Pragmatic presupposition determines the choice of information focus and its position in a sentence,organizes the discourse into a coherent whole,concise,clear and smooth,and achieves the expected stylistic effects.in college english teaching,if teachers teach the knowledge about pragmatic presupposition in listening teaching,introduce the frequently-seen patterns of presupposition, increase the presuppositional sensitivity of students to certain words and structures,guide students to use the theory on presuppositional information to make forecasts on base of written listening material,listen purposefully,and get rid of the distraction of the minor and redundant information,the ability of students to obtain major information and linguistic inference will be strengthened and their listening competence will improve remarkably.george yule divided presuppositional triggers into factive presupposition,non-factive presupposition,counter-factive presupposition,existential presupposition,lexical presupposition and structural presupposition.presuppositional triggers are helpful for us to understand the true intention of the speaker or writer.in college english reading teaching,if teachers introduce the discourse organizing function of pragmatic presupposition and the relevant presupposition triggers,and teach students to use these triggers to communicate with the writer,the comprehension competence of students will be greatly enhanced.the essential function of presupposition is to build a framework for the further development of discourse.in college english writing teaching,teachers can use the theory on pragmatic presupposition to construct a handy training program for textual organization,increase the textual coherence, economy and structural perfection of the english writings by students.in college english translation teaching,teachers should focus on developing the pragmatic presuppositional thinking of students,enable them to grasp the presupposed information in source text / speech exactly,understand the original thoroughly,correctly reorganize and reproduce the pragmatic presuppositions in the target language,carry out the functional equivalence in translation and successfully realize the smooth and accurate communication.with the instruction of pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,the complete understanding and integral acquisition of english and chinese of students will come true.in conclusion,to implement the curriculum requirements for college english teaching promulgated by the ministry of education of china,we should emphasize the instruction of the theory on pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,carry it through from beginning to end.it's one of the important means to realize the college english teaching reform, improve the effects of college english teaching,strengthenr the practical and integrative language abilities of students,in order to cultivate the compound talents to adapt to the global integration and meet the requirements of the reform and opening in china.

在大学英语教学中，教师将语用预设知识贯穿于听力教学过程中，讲授一些常出现的预设类型，提高学生对一些特定的词语和结构的预设敏感度，引导学生运用预设信息理论对听力文字材料进行预测，有的放矢，排除次要、冗余信息的干扰，增强获取主要信息的能力和语言推理能力，从而提。。。更多高学生的听力理解水平。george yule将预设触发语分为事实预设、非事实预设、反事实预设、存在预设、词汇预设和结构预设，触发语有助于我们在阅读当中理解作者的真正用意。在大学英语阅读教学中，介绍语用预设的语篇组织功能和有关的预设触发语，并利用触发语来与作者进行交流，会极大地提高阅读理解能力。预设的基本功能就是为语篇的进一步发展建立一个框架。利用语用预设理论可以为大学英语写作教学构建一个易于操作的篇章组织训练方法，提高学生英语写作的语篇连贯性，经济性和结构优化。在大学英语翻译教学中，注重培养学生的语用预设思维，准确把握源语的前提信息，透彻理解原文，使语用预设在目的语中正确重组和再现，实现翻译的功能对等，交际的流畅性和准确性，并增强学生对英汉双语的全面性认识和整体性习得。综上所述，为更好地贯彻和实施教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》，在大学英语教学中重视语用预设理论的传授，使语用预设贯穿于大学英语教学的始终，是实现大学英语教学改革的重要手段，改善大学英语教学效果，增强学生的实用综合语言能力，培养符合全球一体化趋势，适应改革开放要求的复合型人才。

Pragmatic failure has been holding an important position in the study of pragmatics.But the researches done on this topic have been confined to interlingual pragmatic failure,and almost no research has been done to intralingual pragmatic failure.

语用失误是语用学中的一个重要研究课题，但目前的成果仅限于对跨文化交际中的语用失误进行研究，对同一母语文化交际中出现的语用失误却鲜有论及。

These transfers, instead of utterly perishing from the senior students' language use, turned to become fewer along with the development of their English pragmatic competence and extending of English learning experience. It was also showed that native speakers generally understood and accepted the students' Chinese-derived negative pragmatic transfer in spite of the fact that such transfers were different from their ways of saying things in similar speech situations. At the same time, native speakers displayed a conservative attitude concerning the recommendability of negative pragmatic transfers for classroom teaching.

本研究发现：中国学生的语用负迁移不止Kasper（1992）所说的两种，而是三种，即：语用语言负迁移、社交语用负迁移和语用修辞知识负迁移；这些语用负迁移没有因为学生的英语语用能力的提高和英语学习时间的增长而全部消失，而只是逐步减少；对于这些语用负迁移，美国大学生们大都认为它们不同于本族语者在同样语境下所说的话，它们的意思也大多可以理解和接受，可是感到在教学中不宜向学生推荐使用。

Based on the study, the paper discloses the nature and the characteristics of pragmatic meaning from the perspective of the definition of pragmatic meaning.( The pragmatic meaning of word refers to the temperative meaning of word which is given in application according to the conceptual meaning of a word, the purpose of users and the context it occurs.) Firstly, the pragmatic meaning is based on its static meaning and the premise of its existing is context in which it appears.

由此，从语用词义(词的语用意义是指在语言运用过程中，人们在词语概念意义的基础上，在一定的语用目的支配下，以语境作为参照而赋予词语的临时意义)的界定入手来揭示语用词义在具体交际中的性质及实际特征：一、语用词义存在的基础是词的静态意义，存在的条件是具体的语境。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。