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Cluster analysis and principal component analysis on data of anthropometry from Asian populations showed that Asian populations could be divided into north populations and south populations.

人类学学报， 2000年 01期本文通过对亚洲群体体部测量资料的聚类分析与主成分分析，认为亚洲群体可分为北方类群与南方类群。

The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosities in cultured populations N=8.0-9.4, H(subscript e=0.754-0.787 was considerably lower than that found in the wild populations N=11.3-15.0, H(subscript e=0.821-0.866. Allele distributions at all seven microsatellites indicated that the cultured populations lost some rare alleles belonging to wild populations. The small number and the biased sex ratio of abalone for hatchery broodstock might be responsible for the remarkable reduction of genetic variation in the studied populations.

结果表明，从等位基因数与杂合度上分析，养殖群体(N=8.0~9.4， H=0.754~0.787)遗传多样性显著低于野生群体N=11.3~15.0， H(下标 e=0.821~0.866；等位基因频率分布揭示出野生群体中一些稀有等位基因在养殖群体中有所丢失；亲鲍选用数量少与性别比例不均衡可能是产生养殖群体中遗传多样性显著减少的原因。

The basal diameter, height of aerial stem, leaf length at middle stem, leaf width at middle stem, internode length at middle stem, internodes number and panicle length of 30 plants from every population were recorded. The statistics of morphological characters showed that the distribution trends of the averages of morphological characters are similar among populations. However, the coefficients of variation within population of 7 morphological characters were very different. The CV of internodes was largest and the CV of height was smallest within population. F-statistics showed that the differences of all morphological characters among populations were significant (P.01). But the differences among populations were different between different groups. The cluster analysis proved that all populations could be divided into three types: salty reed, freshwater reed and giant reed.

对来自每个种群的30个个体的基径、株高、中部叶长、中部叶宽、中部节间长、节间数、穗长7个形态特征的统计分析表明：各形态特征平均值在种群间的分布趋势相似，但变化幅度不同，株高、叶长等营养特征变化较大大，生殖特征穗长的变化较小；7个形态指标在种群内的平均变异度从大到小依次为中部节间长、中部叶宽、穗长、中部叶长、基径、节间数、株高，种群内的平均形态变异度与生境异质性有关；7个形态指标在种群间均差异显著，但多重比较分析显示显著差异主要存在于BZH、淡水生境种群和盐渍化生境种群之间，在相似生境种群间的形态差异不显著；以形态特征为依据的聚类分析支持将15个种群分为三类：盐生芦苇、淡水芦苇和巨型芦苇。

UPGMA cluster analysis and genetic differentiation among populations showed that there had closer genetic relationship between Gongliu and Xinyuan populations and between Huocheng and Yumin populations and lower genetic variation between the populations.

UPGMA聚类分析和群体间遗传分化系数显示，巩留群体和新源群体之间，以及霍城群体和裕民群体之间，遗传关系最近，群体间遗传变异最低。

The genetic diversity were comprehensive analyzed in this project through comparative study with the growth rhythm, morphology, palynology,cytology and chemical ingredients of 16 populations of pinellia ternata, which were collected from all around the country, applied computer techniques to analysis the DNA amplification electrophoresis chromatogram of 10 populations of pinellia ternata as well. The genetic relationship of the nature populations in different ecological region are confirmed. Populations of Pinellia ternata were classified on internal species.

本项目通过对从全国各地收集的16个半夏居群间的生长节律、形态学、孢粉学、细胞学、化学及其中10个半夏居群的DNA片断扩增后的电泳图谱比较研究及计算机数据分析技术，对半夏的遗传多样性进行综合分析，初步确定了我国不同生态区半夏各自然居群的遗传关系，划分了种以下单位。

Genetic diversity analysis within and between the green peafowl and the blue peafowl populations demonstrated that the expected heterozygosity of two peafowl populations were 0.2482 and 0.2744, respectively. The inbreeding index, Reynolds' genetic distance and gene flow between the two populations were 0.078, 0.0603 and 3.896 respectively. These results indicate that the heterozygosity and the genetic diversity of these two peafowl populations were very low, and suggest a tendency towards intermixing.

蓝孔雀和绿孔雀群体间和群体内的遗传分析结果表明，绿孔雀和蓝孔雀两个群体的期望杂合度分别为0.7422和0.6943，群体间的遗传分化系数为0.078， Reynolds'遗传距离和基因流分别为0.0603和3.896，结果显示这两个孔雀群体的杂合度和遗传多样性水平都很低，且有相互混杂的趋势。

On the basis of census of all individuals of the populations at different plots, the structure and dynamics of the populations were described. The result showed that P. tabulaeformisf.shekannesis were growing populations, and the distributions of the structure were reverse J. The density decreased with the increasing of Size-class structure. The populations developed the characteristic of increasing in the early stage and stabilizing in the late. The survive curve of Pinus tabulaeformisf.shekannesis were between DeeveyⅡand DeeveyⅢ. The analysis of time sequence showed that most of the inividuals would be adult after 20 years.

结果表明：柴松种群结构呈反J分布型，种群处于增长阶段；种群的密度随径级的增加而降低，种群密度与径级呈现出明显的负相关；四个函数估计值说明柴松种群具有前期增长、后期稳定的特点，其存活曲线介于DeeveyⅡ型和DeeveyⅢ型之间；随时间推移，种群中树和大树数量逐渐增多，种群在20年后开始大量进入成熟阶段。

The anlysis of UPGMA cluster among the five natural populations showed that: except the population of WY, the other populations have similar hereditarily,and the populations of TM,DH have the most similar hereditarily. 4 It suggested that the protected of natural populations should be combined with in situ and transferred because of a certain extent genetic variation among the natural populations.

通过对5个居群的UPGMA聚类分析显示：除了的亲缘关系较远之外，其他银杏居群显示出较近的亲缘关系，其中以和的亲缘关系最近(4)由于银杏不同居群间出现了相当程度的遗传分化，建议就地保护和迁地保护结合进行。

Based upon the ecoanatomical method, leaf anatomical characters of eleven populations of six evergreen species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca, C. myrsinaefolia, C. gracilis, Castanopsis sclerophylla, C. eyrei and Lithocarpus glaber) from the eastern subtropical area of China were analyzed and compared with SPSS, DCA and TWINSPAN. The results are: 1. Although the leaf structures of the eleven populations still belong to the mesophyll type, they all express the trend of xerophilization. 2. There are some differences in leaf anatomical characters among populations, species and genera, which occur as the results of their adaptation to different habitats. 3. Different leaf anatomical characters have different variations among populations, species and genera, of which leaf thickness and palisade tissue thickness (considered as ecological adaptation characters) have greater variation than sponge tissue thickness, lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermis thickness (as systematical evolution characters). 4. The leaves of C. sclerophylla and C. glauca with thicker lamina, palisade tissue and cuticle (a multilayered upper epidermis in C. sclerophylla) are thought to better adapt to their dry habitat. The leaves of C. eyrei with thicker sponge tissue, although characterized by a multlayered upper epidermis, adapt to their humid and warm habitat. The leaves of C. myrsinaefolia and C. gracilis characterized by a thinner lamina, a less palisade tissue and a moderate cuticle thickness adapt to the humid and cool habitat in a middle mountain.

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈、小叶青冈、细叶青冈、苦槠、甜槠和石栎）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS， DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：①尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；②叶的解剖性状在属间、种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；③叶片的不同解剖性状在属、种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海绵组织、下角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；④苦槠、青冈具有较厚的叶片、栅栏组织、角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较薄的叶片和栅栏组织、角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的适应。

The average sequence divergence between individuals was 0.0006, while the range within a population and between populations were both 0-0.0013. Fst values were 0.0704, 0.0491, and 0.0792 for Cox1, ND1, and the combination of both genes. These data showed significant genetic variances (P.05) among geographic populations. The taimen populations in Heilongjiang River could be divided into four subpopulations based on Fst values between these geographic populations. However, these populations shared one common haplotype (BH11) shown by haplotype network and haplotype distribution frequency analysis. This suggested that they evolved from a common ancestor (likely a population in the upstream of the Heilongjiang river) and shared common gene flows.

单倍型网络和AMOVA分析结果均表明黑龙江流域哲罗鲑存在显著的群体分化，Cox1基因、ND1基因及组合数据的群体间Fst分别为0.0704、0.0491、0.0792，均达到显著性水平（P.05），根据配对群体间Fst可以将黑龙江流域哲罗鲑群体分为黑龙江上游群体、呼玛河群体、乌苏里江群体、内蒙古伊敏河上游群体4个地理群。9个群体共享同一个单倍型（BH11），表明这些群体具有相同的演化历史，为同一个祖先群体演化而来。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。