查询词典 political science

Result indicated that different political behaviors exerted different effects on career success, soft political behaviors, manifesting ingratiation, resulted in higher level of career success while neutral political behaviors, manifesting self-promotion, and hard political behaviors, manifesting negotiation, resulted in lower levels of success.

研究发现不同的政治行为对员工职业生涯有着不同的影响，柔性政治行为有助于员工职业生涯成功，中性政治行为和硬性政治行为不利于员工职业生涯成功。

Equal consciousness has the fundamental status in the political conscious civilization, but it also play an important part in the constructing of socialistic political civilization . In the political institutional civilization, this paper set forth the issues of the constructing of democratic system, that is, democracy is as important to the constructing of political civilization as the solarism to astronomy. But in the modern society of China, which has the profound tradition of civilianism, what kind of democracy do we need?

平等意识在政治意识文明中具有基础地位，而它对于社会主义政治文明建设具有十分重要的作用；政治制度文明中阐述了民主制度建设的问题，民主对于政治文明建设的重要就象太阳中心说对于天文学一样，然而，在有着深厚民本主义传统的现代中国社会，我们究竟需要怎样的民主？

Especially after the collapse of"1955 system"in 1993,Japanese political power and various political forces turn to right obviously inthe process of division and combination,the political situation therefore becomeconservatization and right deviation,"neo-conservatism"upraise very quickly in Japan,those"hawkish"politicians as Ichiro Ozawa,Ryutaro Hashimoto,Shintaro Ishihara goup to the political platform.

尤其是在1993年"1955年体制"解体后，日本政权和各派政治势力在分化与重组中明显右转，政局日趋保守化和右倾化，"新保守主义"在日本迅速兴起，小泽一郎、桥本龙太郎、石原慎太郎等一批"鹰派"的政治人物纷纷走上前台。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

In the 1980s,developing countries realized the transition of politics one by one.The study on political development and political transition became the hot issue again. In the early 1990s,Russia began its political transition under delegative democracy which came from its political historical background and actual situation.

20世纪80年代，发展中国家相继实现了民主政治转型，政治发展、政治转型研究再度成为政治学界的热门课题。90年代初，俄罗斯走上了政治转型道路，特殊的历史背景和现实环境使之形成了独特的政治转型模式。

2In the period of planned economy, the three-stage of developmental phases of political culture determined the three-stage of developmental phases of scientific and technical system: the centralized political culture brought the absolute magisterial status of state scientific research institution in installation of organizational institutions, the flexuous development of political culture brought the scientific and technological system into chaos, the rational return of political culture promoted to resume and reconstruct scientific and technological system.

2计划经济时期政治文化发展的三阶段决定了科技体制发展的三阶段：高度中央集权的政治文化带来国有科研机构在科技体制组织体系设置中的绝对主导地位、政治文化的曲折发展带来科技体制的混乱、政治文化的理性回归促进科技体制的恢复与重建。

In accordance with Hannah Arendt's political idea, the calamity of literary knowledge production is not owing to its being "political," but rather owing to its being impolitical under the appearance of "being political," owing to its lack of publicity, which regards difference and plurality as its premise, which real political practice needs.

依照阿伦特的政治观，极&左&时期文艺学知识生产的灾难不能泛泛地归结为&政治&化，而恰恰是它在&政治&化外表下的非政治化，在于它缺乏真正的政治实践所需要的公共性－这种公共性是以差异性与多元性为前提的。

While no doubt such political strength can be set back in given localities through political counteroffensives of capitalist groups, it is also true that the long-run "democratization" of the political machineries throughout the history of the modern world-system have served to make the curveof the political strength of the working classes an upward one over the longue durée in virtually all states in the world-system.

虽然这种政治势力在特定地域里，无疑会遭受资本家集团的政治反击而撤退，但是现代世界体系的整个历史里，政治机构的长期「民主化」，确实让劳工阶级的政治势力曲线，在世界体系的几乎所有国家里，就长期而言都在上升。

Due to the conformity of its political and constitutional philosophy, its uncentered position in the distribution of powers and sufficient political experiences and legal knowledge of its principal figures, Marshall's Court played an unrivaled role in propelling the enforcement of the Constitution. By interpreting the Constitution, they gradually acquired the status of ultimate judge in deciding the political framework, successfully converting the political designing into constitutional interpretation.

由于其政治哲学和宪法哲学的一致性，也由于其在国家权力结构中的边缘位置，由于其早期领导人物的丰富的政治经验和敏锐的政治判断以及精良的法律知识，联邦最高法院在马歇尔担任首席大法官期间对于推进联邦政制的实际落实起到了莫大的作用，他们以宪法解释为基本途径，获得了对于国家结构的终局裁判者的制度定位，从而将政治规划转变为宪法解释操作。

The practical countermeasure of Han Fei-zi's political thoughts focuses on two parts: First, on the relationship of political order and political justice, he insists on taking order first as the premise of political value; Second, to surviving and developing in a age of power campaign, domestic management and national power enhancement are extremely important, so he proposes (1) Enriching Nation and Strengthening Army, Attaching Great Importance to Agriculture and Restraining Commerce;(2) Punishing Arrogated Minister, Strictly Enforcing the Judicial Reforms, and Changing habits and customs.

韩非子政治思想的现实对策主要包括两个方面的内容：其一，在政治秩序与政治正义之间的关系问题上，主张&秩序优先&前提下实现政治价值；其二，欲在&争于气力&生存与发展，强调内政治理、增强国力的极端重要性，主张(1)富国强兵，重农抑商，(2)惩治重臣，厉行法治，移风易俗。

The United Kingdom has pledged to provide technical assistance to the peacekeeping effort in Darfur, including airlifting supplies and equipment to assist the African peacekeepers.

英国承诺为达佛的維和努力提供技术帮助，包括提供非洲的維和部队空运补給和裝备。

Results: The level of ET-1mRNA in placental villus was significantly higher in pre-eclamptic women than that in control group.

结果：妊高征组患者胎盘绒毛组织ET-1 mRNA的表达较正常妊娠组明显增高。