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Phylogenetic dendrogram indicates that the relations among clones and isolated strains and their closest relatives presented certain distances;both Isolated 7(FJ439527) and Clone 86(EU834839) had a near relation with the novel species of pseudomonas xiamenensis.

系统发育关系表明，两种技术方法所确定的微生物之间亲缘关系存在一定距离；Isolated 7(FJ439527)和Clone 86(EU834839)与假单胞菌属中的1个新种——厦门藻亲缘关系较近。

Our research showed that the genetic variation of raptors and nighthawks was abundant and that the number of transitions and transversions in 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes increased gradually with p-distance and appeared not to be saturated, which indicated the phylogenetic relationship made in this study was really reflected.

所采用的12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因变异丰富，研究表明该基因的转换数和颠换数随着遗传距离的增加呈稳定性增长，未出现饱和现象；因此该基因数据能够提供有效的遗传变异信息，反映出较高真实水平的鸟类系统发育关系。

In this study,~3000 bp of 28S rDNA sequences from nine tetranychids, two tenuipalpids and two acarid mites were used to probe the essence of this gene and its applicability to the delineation of phylogenetic relationship of these species.

本文分析9种叶蟎、2种拟叶蟎及2种根蟎28S rDNA约3000个核苷酸的序列特性，并评估此基因在蟎蜱高阶亲缘关系的应用。28S rDNA序列在蟎蜱的变异并不是逢机的，其核心区段变异较其两侧的展延区小，且分类关系离越远其序列差异就越大。

The accession number of this gene is EU590683. The sequence of this gene was arranged and analyzed with Mega software package having a phylogenetic tree built up in DNADist and Neighbor.

此外，采用Bioedit和Mega2软件构建了Fe-氢酶的NJ系统进化树，结果表明该Fe-氢酶基因与产气荚膜梭菌聚为一类。

Our result firstly reported the complete 12S rRNA genes from Accipiter virgatus、Otus scops and Otus spilocephalus, and reported the partial genes of 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA from Accipiter trivirgatus、Falco tinnunculus、Otus spilocephalus and Caprimulgus indicus, which could provide some new gene data for the research of phylogenetic relationship in raptors and nighthawks.

首次报道了松雀鹰、红角鸮、草鸮的12S rRNA基因全序列，以及凤头鹰、红隼、黄嘴角鸮和普通夜鹰的12S rRNA和16S rRNA的基因片段。

As a result of sequence analyses, the Cyt b gene sequence of Actinia equine, Anthopleura xanthogrammica and Anthopleura midori are similar to Meridian senile (AF000023) of Actiniidae and similarity percent are 88%, 87.6% and 86.9%, respectively and all of them are in the same clade on phylogenetic trees.

结果发现，红海葵、黄侧花海葵及绿疣海葵3种海葵与已知的海葵科物种老年细指海葵的Cyt b基因序列相似性分别均为88%、87.6%和86.9%。

According to the results of sequence alignmenUhe partial Cyt b gene sequence of Actiniidae actinia equine, Anthopleura xanthogrammica and Anthopleura midori are similar to Metridium .yem7e(AF000023) of Actiniidae and similarity percent are 88%, 87.6% and 86.9%.,and all of them are in the same clade on phylogenetic trees.

红海葵、黄侧花海葵及绿疣海葵的Cyt b基因部分序列(1Kb左右)经比对，3种海葵与已知的海葵科物种羽毛状海葵(Metridium senile，AF000023)的Cyt b基因序列相似性分别达均为88

In order to study the polygenesis of AFP and the relationship between individual development and system development, the evolution of the albuminoid gene family was analyzed by analyzing the proteins of the gene family from different species by bioinformatics approaches, and drew a phylogenetic tree of different albumin domains from different proteins.

为了研究AFP的系统发生，并以此探讨系统发育与个体发育的关系，运用生物信息学手段，分析了不同物种中类白蛋白家族成员的进化关系，并对各分子的白蛋白结构域进行了进化归类。

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Together with the cited sequences of other species (cattle, zebu cattle and buffalo), the molecular phylogenetic tree was therefore built to probe phylogenetic relationship between Bovine subfamilies, Total 5 variation sites were examined and two types of mutation, transition and transversion, were observed, with the overage percentage of nucleotide variation of 1.66%. It demonstrated the poverty of polymorphism at exon 5 of GH gene of three bovine species. There was only one missense mutation out of 5 mutation sites which led to the shift between leu and val amino.

结果表明，在雷琼牛、巴州牦牛和巴州蒙古牛中共检测到5个变异位点，核苷酸取代方式仅有转换和颠换，核苷酸平均突变率仅为1.66%，说明这3个牛种GH基因外显子5多态性较为贫乏；5个变异位点中仅有1个为错义突变，导致亮氨酸和缬氨酸的转换，但该突变在牛种中分布有差异。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。