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According to the domain organization, the GGDEF-EAL containing proteins (pfam database, version 17.0) were classified into A and B types. Six hundreds and five of the 621 proteins were in A type, which was also found in the ancient bacteria Aquifex aeolicus VF5 suggesting that this is the ancestor of the GGDEF-EAL proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of GGDEF- and EAL- containing proteins in the genome of V. vulnificus YJ016 revealed that GGDEF-EAL proteins were clustered. Comparative analysis of domain organization of the clads in the EAL tree allowed identification of several duplication events. The results indicated that most of the GGDEF- and EAL- containing proteins arised by gene duplication.

根据pfam资料库(Version 17.0)，我们整理同时拥有GGDEF和EAL功能性区域的蛋白质，这些蛋白质可以被区分成两种型态，在总数621个GGDEF-EAL中有高达606个是A型态，而且它在古老的细菌Aquifex aeolicus VF5的基因体中也能找到，因此我们推测它可能是GGDEF-EAL的袓先，藉由分析创伤弧菌中所包含之GGDEF和EAL的演化关系，大部份的GGDEF-EAL会群聚在树型相近的位置，进一步比较在EAL树型上有邻近关系的蛋白质序列，根据他们的长度、与所包含的功能区域，我们找到了一些重制的演化痕迹，这样的结果指出，目前看到大多数的GGDEF 和EAL可能都是经过重制产生。

In Genus Culter, genetic distance within species is obviously lower than that between species. And in the phylogenetic trees, all individuals of each species formed a clade. Then the conculsion was that mitochondrial CO1 gene was a good marker in Culter DNA barcoding. The conclusion was the same when the research group turned to Subfamily Cultrinae.

对鲌属物种的DNA条形码研究而言，其种间遗传距离显著地大于种内遗传距离，并且同一物种的不同个体均形成高支持率的单系，说明在鲌属类群中线粒体CO1基因是一个有效的DNA条形码标准基因。

Both morphological and molecular systematics approaches are used toinfer phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation amongBothriocephalid tapeworms parasitic in cyprinids in China.

本论文对我国鲤科鱼类寄生假叶目头槽绦虫从形态学、分子系统学等不同方面进行了亲缘关系及种的界定等的研究。

By comparing their sequences with homologues from other plants, it was found that GME genes were highly conserved among plant species, though phylogenetic study showed that all known GMEs could be divided into two distinct groups corresponding to monocots and dicots.

通过逆转录PCR技术从水稻成熟叶片中克隆到两个GME基因的cDNA序列，并与其他植物物种中的GMEs进行比对，结果显示，GME基因在所有植物物种中高度保守，尽管进化树分析表明单子叶植物GMEs和双子叶植物GMEs在进化上相互独立。

Firstly, both cDNAs were isolated from the rice mature leaves using RT-PCR technique. By comparing their sequences with homologues from other plants, it was found that GME genes were highly conserved among plant species, though phylogenetic study showed that all known GMEs could be divided into two distinct groups corresponding to monocots and dicots.

通过逆转录PCR技术从水稻成熟叶片中克隆到两个GME基因的cDNA序列，并与其他植物物种中的GMEs进行比对，结果显示，GME基因在所有植物物种中高度保守，尽管进化树分析表明单子叶植物GMEs和双子叶植物GMEs在进化上相互独立。

Bioinformatics was used to seek the homologous gene of EXT1 in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus which was just discovered and had the correlation to human hereditary multiple exostoses. The sequence, exons, coding protein, physical and chemical characters of EXT1 gene were analyzed. The structure and function of its coding protein were predicted, and the phylogenetic tree for the homologous gene was constructed, which provided certain basis for the future research of human EXT1 gene.

利用生物信息学方法寻找人类遗传多发性外生性骨疣EXT1基因在紫色球海胆中的同源基因，对该基因的序列、外显子信息、编码蛋白及其理化性质进行分析，并预测其编码蛋白的结构与功能，构建其同源基因的系统进化树，旨在为进一步研究人体EXT1基因提供一定的依据。

A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on the partial sequences of 16S rDNA and COⅠgenes in eight commercial flatfishes. The parameters of pairwise genetic distance among these flatfishes were calculated.

进一步利用线粒体DNA的16S rDNA、COⅠ基因的部分序列对8种重要海水养殖鱼类的系统进化分析，计算了其种间的遗传距离。

Phylogenetic anlysis shows that AmphiLysC is more related to invertebrate c-type lysozymes than its vertebrate counterparts, and g-type lysozyme is basal to c- and i-type lysozymes, favoring the notion that g-type lysozymes are structurally closest to the lysozyme ancestor.

对不同类型的溶菌酶进行系统进化分析，发现来自不同物种的C型、G型和I型溶菌酶各自聚集成簇，AmphiLysC与无脊椎动物C型溶菌酶聚在一起。

From here, inferring on phylogenetic relationship can be used to further determine the relationship between Taiwan and mainland China's garlics.

更进一步将54地方种之100条定序序列进行亲缘关系推衍，以了解台湾大蒜与大陆大蒜亲缘关系。

As F.graminearum is one of the most important pathogens of wheat head blight in China, 19 strains from cereals were selected for phylogenetic study.

谱系2是我国首次报道的进化群，这一发现完成了谱系2在世界上从南美经尼泊尔向我国传播，进而进入韩国的这样一条传播路径。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。