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Based on the complete sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and Cyt b genes, and the combined sequences of the two genes, the phylogenetic relationships among all extant zokors except the Siberian zokor (M. myospalax) and the Smith's zokor .

根据线粒体12S rRNA基因和Cyt b基因全序列以及合并的序列数据分别研究了鼢鼠亚科已知所有物种（除阿尔泰鼢鼠Myospalax myospalax和斯氏鼢鼠M.smithi）的系统发生关系。

During the period, six papers were published and one was included in SCI. A preliminary phylogenetic and zoogeographical study on some important and related genera were carried out and some important scientific names were corrected.

本项研究共发现中国新纪录属1个及一些中国新纪录种，已发表新种56个；在核心刊物上发表学术论文6篇，1篇被SCI收录；初步探讨了相关类群的系统发育和动物地理学问题，澄清了一些重要物种的学名，为织蛾科的生物多样性研究增加了很多新内容，为有关害虫的防治提供了基本依据。

Phylogenetic relationships among pufferfish of genus Takifugu by RAPD analysis.

编码鹰爪虾蜕皮抑制激素cDNA的克隆及序列分析，水产学报2002， 26(6)：

Moreover, because the mulberry is a cross-pollinated plant, it is hard to judge the relations among the species accurately because of the hard up for phylogenetic information in transition types formed in intra-species and inter-species hybridization, therefore, there is no satisfied classification method for Morns L..

因此，利用分子生物学技术研究桑属植物的系统与进化关系，有助于解决我国桑属植物分类中所存在的问题，对于桑树种质资源的分析、鉴定和利用、桑树的遗传育种都具有十分重要的意义。

From these similarities/dissimilarities the homologies can be revealed that they are in agreementwith the phylogenetic tree satisfactorily.

运用这种方法对人、猴及鼠等8个物种的β-球蛋白基因的第一个外显子的相似度进行计算，所得结果与生物学中的进化树符合得较好。

The average percent value of G C (49.3%) was less than that of A T (50.7%), there was a bias of the content of G, T in the third codon; The number of transition G-A and T-C were 22, 15 respectively, which were higher than that of transition A-G and C-T, the number of tranversion C-A, T-G is 2 respectively, and other tranversion patterns didnt occur; the probability of transition was higher than that of tranversion , Ts/Tv = 9.5-19, there was the highest number of transition in the third codon. The gamma parameter a of the lst,nd and 3rd codon positions were 0.00572,0.01237 and 1.05239 respectively, they showed that there was adifferent substitution rate at different codon position. Frequences of synonymous codon usage were relatively biased. The average rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution were 0.0787, 0.0011 respectively, there was a significant difference between dS and dN (Z = 4.713, p.01), and the low ratio( CD = 0.0284 .3) of dN/dS ratio impled that there were selective constraints against the nonsynonymous sites in cyt-b gene, The distribution of nonsynonymous codon substitution pattern related to Grantharm distance indicated that the purified selection at 2nd codon positions was more intensive than that at 1st codon positions. The phylogenetic trees supported the view of the double origin of Chinese goose, which means that domestic Chinese goose was derived from Anser cygnoides and domestic European goose, and Yili was derived from Anser anser.

碱基含量分析可知，序列的G C含量(49.3％)＜A T含量(50.7％)，密码子第三位点的G、T含量都有较强的偏倚性；序列间G→A和T→C的转换数(22次和15次)高于A→G和C→T的转换数(10次和9次)，C→A、T→G颠换数均为2次，其余颠换模式均未发生；转换数明显高于颠换数，Ts／Tv=9.5～19，密码子第三位点的转换数最高，呈现了相当强烈的转换偏倚性；密码子第一、二和三位点的gamma分布参数α值分别为0.00572、0.01237和1.05239，表明密码子第一位点的替换速率变异最大，第二位点次之，第三位点的替换速率变异相对较小；编码同一氨基酸的同义密码子并非随机使用，表现出一定程度的使用偏倚性；同义替换速率和非同义替换速率分别为0.0787和0.0011，dS与dN值间的差异极显著(Z=4.713，p＜0.01)，而ω=0.0284，明显小于0.3，表明雁属鹅细胞色素b基因序列经历了中度净化选择作用；单步非同义替换(Sing-step nonsymonymous codon substitution，SSNCS)分布模式与Grantharm距离之间的关系说明密码子的三个位点所受的净化选择强度不同；构建的最大简约树与邻接树拓扑结构一致，支持中国家鹅的双起源学说，即除伊犁鹅外的其它中国鹅品种起源于鸿雁，伊犁鹅和欧洲的郎德鹅、莱茵鹅起源于灰雁。

Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the query SODs, most of CuZnSODs, could be classified into four subgroups.

表明上述逆境信号通过转导对TaSOD1.2基因进行了转录调节。

Accordinged to the NJ phylogenetic tree,24 buffalo breeds all belonged to the swamp buffalo type,mainly from 2 maternal origins named SA subdivision and...

所有单倍型中，H2单倍型出现频率最高，且只在24个地方品种中存在，说明H2单倍型是我国地方水牛特有的标志单倍型，也是一种古老的单倍型。

Auxin response factor is an important transcription factor for auxin signal transduction pathway. In order to identify the function of cotton auxin response factor GhARF3, some bioinformatics methods were used to analyze GhARF3 gene sequence, including BLAST analysis, domain analysis, phylogenetic tree analysis, the physical and chemical properties analysis of protein, hydrophobicity analysis, disulfide bonds analysis, phosphorylation site analysis, secondary structure and tertiary structure prediction, and subcellular localization and protein functional classification analysis.

运用生物信息学方法对棉花GhARF3基因序列进行BLAST分析、结构域分析、进化树分析、编码蛋白质的理化性质分析、疏水性分析、二硫键分析、磷酸化位点分析、二级结构以及三级结构的预测、亚细胞定位和蛋白质功能分类预测等分析。

Methods The spiroplasma morphology was examined by dark-field microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The biological characteristics of the spiroplasmas were investigated by using conventional culture-dependent method and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS (16~23S rDNA intergenic space) sequence comparisons.

常规螺原体分离、培养方法，应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态，根据16S rDNA和ITS序列构建系统发育树研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。