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The orders Magnoliale, Laurales, Piperales, Illiciales, and Ranunculales were selected as a complex outgroup. The evolutionary polarity of each character was determined using the outgroup comparison method. On the basis of the character-coding matrix, the phylogenetic trees were constructed with Camin-Sokal method and Farris-Wagner method, implemented in PHYLIP package.

本文选取24个与睡莲类植物系统发育相关的形态、解剖和花粉性状，以木兰目、樟目、胡椒目、八角目和毛茛目作为复合外类群，采用外类群比较法判断了上述性状的进化极性；以性状状态编码矩阵为基础，应用Camin-Sokal方法和Farris-Wagner方法以及PHYLIP软件包构建分支树。

Combined with additional sequences of 20 bivalves and 6 gastropods downloaded from NCBI (National Center of Biological Institution), molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using 4 Polyplacophora species as outgroup. The result resolved by maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayes-induce methods were in congruent with each other, which indicated that all bivalves formed a monophyletic group clustering with its sister-group, Gastropod.

结果显示：所有双壳纲的种类构成了单系发生的进化枝，与其姐妹群腹足纲聚在一起；双壳纲可以分为异齿亚纲和翼形亚纲两大类群，异齿亚纲是单系发生，翼形亚纲的系统发生关系则随方法的不同有所区别，牡蛎科的位置是造成此差异的主要因素。

An observation and analysis of series of characteristics coming from sixteen species belonging to five genera of Polypodiaceae subfam.Polypodioideae were undertaken in order to unravel the phylogenetic relationships within this group.

对水龙骨科水龙骨亚科5属16种植物的孢子形态、叶表皮结构、叶柄和根状茎的横切、根状茎上的鳞片以及叶脉特征进行了详细的观察和分析，探讨了该亚科植物的系统位置和亲缘关系。

Results From the phylogenetic tree of acitns in fungi Pneumocystis carinii and Schizosac-charomyces pombe are in an early branch of Ascomycota.

结果 三种蛋白的分子系统树都支持了将卡氏肺孢子虫作为子囊菌的早期分支古子囊菌的分类观点。

The larynx of the gibbon deviates from the basic plan found in the Pongidae and man, thus reflecting its special phylogenetic position.

长臂猿的喉头脱逃了巨猿及人类的基本方案，因此反映了它们特殊的动植物种类史的位置。

The molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method using software MEGA4.0, and Portunus was clustered with Callinectes first, then they were clustered with Charybdis, and finally with Eriochier sinensis. The results are consistent with classical taxonomy.

用MEGA4.0软件中的NJ法构建了系统进化树，基于16S rRNA和COⅠ2种片段的聚类结果均显示梭子蟹属与美青蟹属亲缘关系最近，先聚在一起，然后再与蟳属聚在一起，最后才与外群中华绒螯蟹聚在一起，这一结果与传统分类基本一致。

Our interpretation of the results from parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood based phylogenetic analyses suggest:(1) African colobines and Asian colobines have been independent evolutionary entities for a long time; the divergent time is estimated to occur 10 million years ago based on a molecular clock of 2% substitution per site per million years;(2) both Rhinopithecus and Trachypithecus could be regarded as separate genus;(3) Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus are sister groups while Presbytis and Trachypithecus are closely related;(4) both the Sichuan and Yunnan snub-nosed monkey represent valid species respectively;(5) within genus Trachypithecus, T. phayrei is closely related to T. cristatus and T. auratus, while T. francoisi is distinct from them; the white-headed leaf monkey, however, should be a subspecies of T. francoisi;(6) within genus Presbytis, P. thomasi should be separated as a valid species from P. melalophos, but the genetically divergent degree between P. comata and P. melalophos implies that P. comata may just be a subspecies of P. melalophos.

结果表明：（1）非洲疣猴与亚洲疣猴的分歧已非常明显，按分子钟推算的分歧时间约在1，000万年前；（2）Rhinopithecus和Trachypithecus均应成为独立的属；（3）白臀叶猴属与金丝猴属关系较近，Presbytis属和Trachypithecus属关系也较近；（4）我国的川、滇金丝猴应分别被视为独立的物种；（5）在Trachypithecus属中，菲氏叶猴与银叶猴(T.cristatus)和乌木叶猴亲缘关系较近，黑叶猴(T.francoisi)则与它们的关系较远，曾被怀疑为一个种的白头叶猴(T.f.leucocephalus)应只是黑叶猴的一个亚种；（6）在Presbytis属内，托氏叶猴应从僧帽叶猴(P.melalophos)中独立出来成为一个有效种，但我们的结果倾向于将灰发叶猴置为僧帽叶猴的一个亚种。

Psychrophilic and psychro-tolerant bacteria were cultured and used for screening the cold-active enzymes. Some characteristics of cold-active protease and chitinase were analyzed then. Microbial 16S rDNA clone libraries of deep sea sediments were constructed and studied by PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences.

通过构建沉积物中微生物16S rDNA克隆文库，采用PCR-RFLP分析、DNA-DNA杂交、16S rDNA序列测定以及系统发育分析的方法，研究了西太平洋&暖池&区和东太平洋&结核&区两个不同海区深海沉积物中的微生物多样性和群落结构特征及其与环境的相互关系，得到了一些与&暖池&区环境特点紧密相关的新发现，新认识。

Psychrophilic and psychro-tolerant bacteria were cultured and used for screening the cold-active enzymes. Some characteristics of cold-active protease and chitinase were analyzed then.Microbial 16S rDNA clone libraries of deep sea sediments were constructed and studied by PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences.

通过构建沉积物中微生物16S rDNA克隆文库，采用PCR-RFLP分析、DNA-DNA杂交、16S rDNA序列测定以及系统发育分析的方法，研究了两太平洋&暖池&区和东太平洋&结核&区两个不同海区深海沉积物中的微生物多样性和群落结构特征及其与环境的相互关系，得到了一些与&暖池&区环境特点紧密相关的新发现，新认识。

Phylogenetic relationships of brown frogs with 24 chromosomes from Far East Russia and Hokkaido assessed by mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences ( Rana : Ranidae).

亲缘关系的布朗与24个染色体青蛙从俄罗斯远东地区和北海道进行评估，线粒体细胞色素b基因序列。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。