查询词典 phylogenetic

In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Chinese Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, while ascertain or confirm the phylogenetic placements of all ten Chinese endemic genera by means of morphology, cytology and molecular systematics.

本研究综合形态学、细胞学和分子系统学等多学科的手段和方法，以中国芹亚科为重点研究对象，集中探讨中国芹亚科类群的系统演化关系同时确立中国伞形科10个特有属的系统学位置。

Phylogenetic analysis based on 5.8S/ITS sequence indicated Armillaria luteo-virens has a distant phylogenetic relationship with other genera of Tricholomataceae.

基于ITS的系统发育分析表明黄绿蜜环菌与口蘑科内其它属间物种的系统发育关系较远；基于IGS-1的系统发育分析表明黄绿蜜环菌与蜜环菌属内的其它种序列差异较大，系统发育关系较远，而与Lepiota属内的部分种具有较近的系统发育关系。

Armillaria luteo-virens is a ectomycorrhizal fungus symbiotic with some species of Kobresia in Tibet Plateau, China. A strain was recently isolated from fruitbody tissue of the fungus. To determine whether the strain is the pure culture of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer region and the first intergenic spacer region (IGS-1) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of fruiting body and the isolated strain were sequenced and compared. Further, the 5.8S/ITS and IGS-1 sequences of the species were BLAST matched with GenBank database on homology and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 5.8S/ITS sequence and two phylogenetic trees were constructed separately based on two IGS-1 sequences.

首次从采自青藏高原、与高原牧草嵩草属Kobresia草本植物形成外生菌根的黄绿蜜环菌Armillaria luteo-virens子实体中分离获得一组织分离菌株，运用rDNA-ITS和rDNA-IGS-1测序技术对该组织分离菌株是否为黄绿蜜环菌的纯培养菌种进行分子鉴定，并基于黄绿蜜环菌的5.8S/ITS和IGS-1序列进行核酸序列数据库GenBank同源性检索比对、构建系统发育树。

The RAPD results illustrate that the phylogenetic relationship betweenBothriocephalid tapeworm parasitic in Grass carpCtenopharyngodon idellus(C.et V.and Common carp(Cyprinus carpio L.)from different regions ofChina is infraspecific with noticeable variance bwtween them.Thephylogenetic trees based on the 3 sequences analyses above are constructed,which show the following relationships:Bothriocephalid tapeworms fromGrass carp,Common carp and Luciobrama are found to be monophyletic,and are very close to Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis,but are divergent toanother monophyletic group comprising Bothriocephalid tapeworms fromZacco,Hemiculter and Leuciscus.On the basis of phylogenetic reconstruction,autapomorphic species conceptis used in species delimitation suitablefor determining four species in the present study:B.acheilognathi,B.opsariichthydis,and two other bothriocephalids parasitic respectively inHemiculter and Leuciscus.It is also deduced that the differentiation time ofBothriocephalid tapeworms parasitic in cyprinids is earlier than that of theirhosts,and the most recent specification happened about one million yearsago.Key words Bothriocephalid tapeworm Molecular Systematics

具体成果有：通过RAPD分析探明了我国不同地理分布的草、鲤鱼头槽绦虫的亲缘关系属于种下水平，并存在较高变异；通过基因合并分析重建头槽绦虫的系统发育关系，表明草鱼、鲤鱼及鯮鱼头槽绦虫是单系群，它们与马口鱼头槽绦虫亲缘关系较近，而与〓条、宽鳍鱲及雅罗鱼头槽绦虫构成的另一单系群亲缘关系较远；在此基础上，提出符合头槽绦虫种的界定的独征物种概念，据此确定鲤科鱼类寄生头槽绦虫的四个种：鱊头槽绦虫，马口鱼头槽绦虫，以及另两种分别寄生于〓条和雅罗鱼的头槽绦虫：根据上述研究推断鲤科鱼类寄生头槽绦虫的分化年代早于其宿主，最近的一次物种形成距今约一百万年左右。

The circumscription of the Minaceae, phylogenetic relationships of genera and its reative were evaluated using morphology and molecular data of rbcL and trnL-F gene of the chloroplast genome.A total of 4 genera and 19 taxa were examined in this study.And some data of Bryaceae were downloaded from Genebank for this analysis. Phylogenetic trees obtained from neighbour jioning and maximum parsimony methods.

本研究用直接测序法测定了提灯藓科4属19种植物的rbcL和trnL-F基因序列，并从Genebank中下载了该科和真藓科的部分基因序列，采用邻接法和最大简约法分别构建了rbcL和trnL-F两个基因片段的系统树，并结合形态方面的分支分析，探讨了提灯藓科的范畴、科内各属的亲缘关系及与其临近科间的关系。

The 28S rDNA molecular phylogenetic trees showed: 1 entoprocts and phylactolaemate ectoprocts constituted a sister group, strenghthening the opinion that entoprocts should be reunited into phylum Bryozoa; 2 the cheilostome gymnolaemates was obviously non-monophyletic; 3 bryozoans itself was polyphyletic beyond any doubt, its main lineages were scattered in different positions of the lophotrochozoan trees; 4 to our great interests, the phylogenetic position of cheilostomes was between the diploblastic and the triploblastic, indicating they may play an important role during the evolution route from the diplobastic to the triploblastic animals.

28S rDNA分子系统树显示，内肛动物和被唇类外肛动物聚在一起并互为姐妹群，支持将内肛动物重新归入苔藓动物门的结论；唇口目裸唇类外肛动物绝非单系发生；苔藓动物本身也不是单系发生的，其主要类群分别位于触手冠担轮动物系统树的不同位置，特别是，唇口目苔藓动物的系统地位介于二胚层动物和其它三胚层动物之间，可能是二胚层动物向三胚层动物演化过程中的一个关键类群。

So we conclude that phylogenetic relationships between different aphids and their endosymbiotic bacterium Buchnera may be different, and this conclusion is accordant with previous study. This work not only fill a gap on phylogenetic relationships between the three aphids, M.

这一工作不仅弥补了这三种蚜虫与其内共生菌Buchnera之间的进化关系空白，同时有助于我们在了解这些蚜虫Buchnera的系统进化特征的基础上，进一步全面地了解了这三种蚜虫的内共生菌Buchnera。

To further explore the phylogenetic relationships between the aphid Myzus persicae and its endosymbiotic bacterium Buchnera, COⅠ/COⅡ, 12S/16S rRNA and EF-l alpha genes in four populations of M. persicae were amplified. Through phylogenetic trees constructed by the COⅠ/COⅡ, 12S/16S rRNA and EF-l alpha genes in M.

为进一步明确桃蚜与其内共生菌Buchnera之间系统进化关系，参照前人研究蚜虫系统进化所用的COⅠ/COⅡ、12S/16S rRNA、EF-1 alpha的3对引物，对桃蚜的COⅠ/COⅡ、12S/16S rRNA、EF-1 alpha基因进行了扩增，并构建了桃蚜COⅠ/COⅡ、12S/16S rRNA、EF-1 alpha基因序列系统进化树。

Floral organ determination is best explained by the ABCDE model postulated by genetic studies of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sepals are determined by A and E class genes; petals are determined by A, B, and E; stamens by B, C, and E; and carpels by C and E class genes. A, B, C, and E class gene lineages are known having duplicated several times during the evolution of angiosperms. One of the noted major duplication events occurred in the origin of the early angiosperms, leading to the formation of subgroups of B/C/D/E class. Another one occurred near the basal eudicots and gave rise to further subgroups in A/B/C/D/E class genes among core eudicots. The phylogenetic position of the family Buxaceae is located right where the second major duplication of ABCDE genes might have occurred, which is supported by multiple gene (nuclear 18S rDNA, chloroplast rbcL and atpB) phylogenetic analyses.

目前经由模式植物阿伯芥的研究，建花部器官决定基因的调控，即花萼由A、E 群基因共同决定，花瓣由A、B、E 群基因，雄蕊由B、C、E 群基因，而心皮由C 和E 群基因决定。A、B、C、E 四群基因在被子植物的演化过程中发生过次的复制事件，其中比较重要的一次发生在早期被子植物演化出之时，形成B/C/D/E 群基因的次系群；另一次复制事件则发生在真双子植物基群附近，形成仅於核心真双子植物的A/B/C/D/E 群基因之次系群。

The phylogenetic analysis indicated that within the subspecies data of Canis lupus, Canis lupus laniger polarized first, then did Canis lupus arabs. Canis lupus chanco and Canis lupus lupus were sister species, which had similar phylogenetic positions.

基于12S rRNA+16S rRNA+ H链上的12个蛋白质编码基因的联合数据的系统发育分析发现，在已报道的狼亚种数据中，西藏狼的分化时间最早，其次为阿拉伯狼，蒙古狼与欧亚狼的系统发育地位最为接近。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。