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The molecular phylogenetic trees showed that the Coliadinae is not monophyletic, but the genus Catopsilia and Colias of this subfamily are grouped together with strong support in both of the NJ and bayesian trees.

分子系统树显示：黄粉蝶亚科不是单系群，但其中迁粉蝶属和豆粉蝶属在不同的分析方法中均聚合在一起。

Collembola, Protura and Diplura are not only important groups of the soil animal biodiversity, but also one of the key groups in studying the evolution arthropod, because their phylogenetic position are critical to the understanding of the evloution of insect orders.

跳虫、原尾虫和双尾虫不仅是土壤动物多样性研究的重要类群，又是节肢动物低等类群向陆生有翅昆虫演化的中间环节，是节肢动物进化研究中的关键类群之一。

The origin and phylogenetic position and inner relationships of Collembola constitute the controversial focuses. The solution of these questions is one of the key points to resolve the higher-level phylogeny of arthropod , particularly hexapod relationships.

跳虫的起源、分类地位和系统关系等问题，对于阐明六足动物甚至节肢动物各大类群的系统关系非常关键，日益成为相关学者关注和争论的焦点。

The phylogenetic trees supported that Eriocaulaceae be treated as Eriocaulales because this family always been a nature independent group connected with other families. Eriocaulaceae grouped with Commelinaceae, which supported the close relationship and parallel evolution between the two families. Juncaceae was not close to Eriocaulaceae and more primitive. The relationship between Juncaceae and Cyperaceae was closer than that between Juncaceae and Poaceae. Among these families, Poaceae was the most primitive family and far from Eriocaulaceae. Also in Eriocaulaceae, Eriocaulon was supported to be more primitive.

从构建的系统发育树可以得到：①谷精草科独立形成一个植物类群，支持谷精草科独立成为谷精草目；②谷精草科与鸭跖草科聚成一个大的类群，说明两科的亲缘关系较近，并且表现为平行进化；③灯心草科不近缘于谷精草科，与禾本科相比，灯芯草科与莎草科之间存在更近的亲缘关系；④在进化程度上，灯心草科比谷精草科原始；禾本科与谷精草科的亲缘关系最远，并且在这几个科中处于最原始的进化地位；⑤系统树还支持谷精草科内部的系统关系，支持谷精草属在谷精草科中的原始系统位置。

Reduction of ovule number as a tendency of speciation in the genus is substantiated by the occurrence of tri_ovulate cones coupled with comprehensive characters of the genus. The metamorphic patterns as well as the leaf nature of the outer envelope indicate that female cones of Ephedra are compound while the female reproductive units of the ovulate cone have been reduced from secondary reproductive shoots similar to those of cordaites by phylogenetic transformation, fusion and reduction. Each fertile bract together with its axillary female reproductive unit composed the Bract Scale and Seed Scale Complex of Ephedra .

基于返祖性畸形三胚珠球花的出现及其他形态特征，认为麻黄属胚珠数目减少是该属内物种特化的一个趋势；利用雌球花发育的畸形现象及外珠被的形态学本质提出麻黄属的雌球果为复轴性构造，雌性生殖单位是由类似于科达类的次级生殖枝构造经系统发育变态、融合、简化成现存的生胚珠构造式样，每一可育苞片及其腋内雌性生殖单位共同组成了麻黄属的苞鳞_种鳞复合体。

The nucleotide composition and the phylogenetic relationship among 14 species in Coreidae based on 412bp sequences of Cyt b gene were studied. The results showed: the average contents of T, C, A and G were 34.2 %、11.4 %、35.7 % and 18.7 %, respectively; The content of A+T (69.9 %) was obviously higher than that of G+C (30.1 %), and come up to 82.8% at the third position of codon.

以线粒体细胞色素b基因作为分子标记，首次对缘蝽科4亚科14种昆虫进行序列测定，获得Cytb基因412bp的序列片段，该片段中碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为34.2%、11.4%、35.7 %和18.7 %，A+T平均含量为69.9 %，明显高于G+C含量（30.1 %）。

This phenomenon warrants further study. 4. Phylogeny study on Croomia and Stemona The relationship of the genus and the taxonomic placement of Stemonaceae The phylogenetic tree of matK, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL and ITS sequences data indicated that it was natural to place Stemona and Croomia in one family.

黄精叶钩吻属和百部属的分子系统学研究百部科属间关系和科的系统地位叶绿体DNA(matK、trnL-F和atpB-rbcL)及核DNA序列构建的系统树显示Stemona和Croomia形成稳定的单系类群，表明将这两个属放在同一个科是自然的，不支持将Croomia独立成科。

Japonicus used in this experimentation is matemal inheritance.5 Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene and molecular phylogeny of four species of sea cucumber500 bp 16S rRNA and 540 bp COI fragment were obtained by PCR method from mitochondrial DNA of four species of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, Holothuria fuscogilva, Cucumaria frondosa and Mensamaria intercedens. Variable sites, nucleotide diversity, average number of nucleotide differences and average number of nucleotide substitutions per site were calculated to analyze sequence difference, and phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ and ME method.

结果显示在来自这5组家系的100个后代中仅检测到母本的单倍型，刺参的线粒体遗传模式表现为典型的母系遗传。5 4种海参16S rRNA和COI基因片段序列比较及系统学研究采用PCR技术对山东荣成、长岛、俄罗斯和日本的刺参，黄乳海参，北大西洋瓜参，二色桌片参的16S rRNA和COI基因片段进行了扩增和测序，分别得到了长度约为500 bp和540 bp的片段。

After the multiple sequence alignments, the sequence variation analyses were conducted and the molecular phylogenetic trees of Cypraeidae were reconstructed with NJ, MP and bayesian methods, using Prosimnia semperi of Cypraeacea as an outgroup.

其次，用自测的宝贝科11种软体动物的mtDNA COI基因序列，结合得自GenBank上的18种宝贝科软体动物的同源序列，用NJ法、ML法以及贝叶斯法构建了分子系统树。

The phylogenetic analyses revealed three groups within Cyprinidae. The subfamily Danioninae was on the base, Barbine and Leuciscine formed sister group.

系统发育树的拓扑结构显示鲤科鱼类分为三个类群，波鱼类群位于系统树的基部，鲃系与雅罗鱼系互为姊妹群。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。