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The phylogenetic tree of fish IgH conserved region contains two major branches of teleost and elasmobranch, and snakehead IgH is most closely related to pufferfish. The phylogenetic tree of IgL conserved region shows three major branches, and snakehead IgL locate as a branch of IgL1A.

根据IgH和IgL恒定区氨基酸序列构建系统进化树，鱼类IgH形成硬骨鱼和软骨鱼两大分支，其中乌鳢IgH与河豚IgH的亲缘关系较近；硬骨鱼IgL系统树显示3个主要的分支：L1、L2和L3，乌鳢IgL位于L1分支的L1 A亚类。

In conclusion, a comprehensive analysis of water lilies based on morphological and molecular data was performed, showing the phylogenetic relationships among the 10 genera and providing new evidence for classification at family level. The specific and infraspecific relationships within the genus Nymphaea were revealed using the ITS sequences, providing a new approach to germplasm identification and phylogenetic analysis of water lilies. The investigation of invasive fanwort in China may also provide a sound basis of its ecological studies.

总之，本文以国内外长期研究为基础进行了综合定量的形态学与分子序列分析，明确了10个属的系统位置，为科的划分提供了新的依据；通过运用ITS序列研究睡莲属的种及种下单位之间的亲缘关系，为睡莲类植物的种质资源鉴定提供了新的工具；对水盾草进行了初步的调查分析，为今后深入开展其生态学研究打下了良好的基础。

The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene sequences of 13 samples of gayal in China were sequenced by the method of direct sequencing and molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed based on cited sequences to analyzing its origin and phylogenetic status.

采用PCR直接测序法测定我国大额牛13个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列，并引用其它牛种的序列资料共同构建分子系统树，以探讨大额牛的起源及其系统地位。

Phylogenetic amalysis of the long terminal repeat and env gene of HTLV-I gave a phylogenetic classification of HTLV-I genotypes into five major molecular subtypes~ Cosmopolitan, Japanese , West African , Central African , and Melanesian.

为了解我国HTLV-Ⅰ流行区毒株的主要基因型别，本研究从福建莆田地区克隆出6株HTLV-Ⅰ的env基因和一株tax基因。

Phylogenetic analysis of the long terminal repeatand env gene of htlv-1 gave a phylogenetic classification of htlv-1 genotypes into five major molecular subtypes: cosmopolitan, japanese, west african, central african, and melanesian. in order to understand the major genotype of htlv-1 prevalent in china, htlv-1 env gene was amplified by pcr and sequenced from peripheral blood lymphocyts of three htlv-1 carriers in the putian region of fujian province.

根据基因组及血清学反应可将其分为人t淋巴细胞白血病病毒1型（htlv-1）和2型（htlv-2），两型病毒基因组同源性大于60％。htlv-1主要侵染t淋巴细胞，可引起成人t细胞白血病、热带下肢痉挛性瘫痪或htlv-1相关脊髓病，并且在多种自身免疫病患者体内也发现了该病毒的存在。

By employing two kinds of molecular marker of mitochondrial DNA, i. e. Cyt b and CoI gene, the sequences of 15 species representing 6 families from Passeriformes were compared. We analysed their sequences compose and characteristic with the sorft of MEG3.1, and built the phylogenetic trees in PAUP~*4.0. We deeply analysed the feasibility that CoI gene qua the marker to research the phylogenetic relationship of Passeriformes, and afford the academic proof for building the DNA barcoding of the birds.

本文分别以线粒体DNA的细胞色素b和CoI基因作为分子标记，对雀形目6科15种鸟类的细胞色素b基因全序列(1，143bp)和CoI基因部分序列(1，176bp)的组成特点及其系统发育树进行了比较分析，还探讨了CoI基因作为雀形目系统发育研究和构建鸟类物种DNA编码库的分子标记的可行性，旨在为DNA编码库的构建积累基础资料。

Finally,the WISCONSIN Sequence Analysis Package (GCG,10.2 version),Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP,4.0 version) and Treeview (1.5 version) software were used for data analysis,sequence translation,phylogenetic tree drawing and molecular evolution analysis.

本研究结果证明，H9N2亚型人体分离株属于G1-like亚分支的G1-HK小分支，该小分支毒株之间具有很高的同源性，因此该小分支AIV可能具有感染人的可能性，是具有引起人流感暴发潜能的病毒。

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

The phylogenetic relationships among species of Usnea based on nucleotide comparison was identical with those inferred from secondary structure characters, which suggests that the structure information could be used as an additional taxonomic character for species identification and phylogenetic implication of Usnea.

核酸序列分析所产生的系统树与结构特征的比较结果相一致，表明ITS2的二级结构信息可以作为一种辅助的分类手段，适用于松萝属的种的鉴定和亲缘关系研究。

Additionally, our results showed that the phylogenetic relationships based on the morphological characteristics of their secondary structures are consistent with those inferred from the primary structures and other features, and this fact suggests that the molecular morphology is also the valuable source for the phylogenetic consideration.

此外，苔藓动物主要类群中，基于28S rDNA多变区二级结构的分子形态学特征比较和基于一级结构的分子系统学结论基本吻合，提示它们同样包含着重要的系统发育信息。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。