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The result was basically consistent with three methods which was NJ, ME, UPGMA constructed in molecular phylogenetic tree, the gayal was clustered together with cow firstly, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey and human clustered together, then together with each other, followed by other species.

用NJ、ME和UPGMA等3种方法聚类构建的分子系统进化树表明，3种方法的聚类结果基本一致，即大额牛与普通牛首先聚为一类，人、黑猩猩、恒河猴也先聚为一类，这两类相聚后再依次同其他物种聚在一起。

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there exists at least 2 genetical distinct hantaviruses lineages.

结果 选用50个随机引物进行扩增，有5个引物获得清晰、多态性高的RAPD谱带。

The phylogenetic analysis of 22 ND4L sequences of Phocidae from GenBank showed that there are two clades (which belong to Northern Group and Southern Group) supported by relatively high bootstrap value and there are more closed relationship between spotted seal and harbor seal.17 haplotypes with 717bp were obtained from the mtDNA control region, adjacent proline and a portion of the threonine tRNA genes of 46 individuals.

利用从GenBank中下载的22个海豹科动物的ND4L基因序列的系统进化分析表明，海豹科动物分为南半球和北半球两大类群，斑海豹与港海豹为北半球种类，亲缘关系最近。从46个辽东湾斑海豹线粒体DNA控制区和苏氨酸及脯氨酸tRNA基因717bp片段的测序，得到17个单倍型。

SSRs are very suitable for research on genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship since they are more reliable, co-dominant in heritance large number of alleles per locus, and abundance in genomes.

对椰子SSR反应体系进行了优化，确立了最适宜的体系：在20μL反应体系中，Mg2+、引物和dNTP的最适浓度分别为2.5mmol/L、0.3μmol/L、0.2mmol/L；TaqDNA聚合的最佳使用量为1U，模板DNA应加入50ng，引物最佳退火温度比每对引物Tm值较小者小2-3℃。

From the RAPD analysis data, the band similarity rates and average band similarity rates between two individuals in the sampling population, average band allele frequencies, average band heterozygosis degree, and the Shannon genetic diversity index were calculated to perform the cluster analysis of heterozygosis arithmetic averages and construct the phylogenetic tree.

根据RAPD结果分别计算了两两个体间的带纹相似率、平均带纹相似率、带纹的平均等位基因频率和平均带纹杂合度及遗传多样性指数，作亲缘关系的类平均聚类并绘制了相关关系聚类图。

They shared the highest homology to "world-B" group isolates in Brassica pathotype (between 91.8% and 100%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the CP gene sequences of TuMV strains or isolates showed that these 6 TuMV isolates from Shandong belonged to "world-B" group.

所得6个分离物的CP基因的核苷酸序列同源性较高，在97.0%～99.4%之间，系统进化分析表明：它们与Brassica致病型分离物中的world-B组分离物的同源性最高（91.8%～100%），亲缘关系最近，从而从分子水平上将TuMV山东分离物划分为world-B组。

The molecular markers have been applied in phylogenetic analyses, construction of genetic linkage map and identification of cultivars in roses.

分子标记已广泛应用于月季亲缘关系分析、遗传图谱的构建和品种的鉴定。

The phylogenetic trees revealed the GD3 strain was a intergrade virus strain evoluated from classical PRRV CH-1a strain to the PRRSV JXA1 and HUN4 mutant strains indicated by 97.1 %, and 97.2 % nucleotide homology with JXA1 and HuN4 strain, 94.9% nucleotide homology with CH-1a strain.

序列分析结果表明，GD3株在分子遗传演化上介于PRRSV变异毒株(HuN4 株、JXA1株)和CH-1a之间，与HuN4和JXA1之间的相似性为97.1 %和97.2 %；与CH-1a的核苷酸相似性为94.9 %。

Avian vocalization,which is a tool of intraspecific communication and interpecific and a kind of mechanism of intraspecific identification,is widely used in the phylogenetic studies.

鸟类的鸣声作为同种个体间的一种通讯方式及种内和种间的识别机制早已被广泛的应用在系统学的研究中。

Apparently, the results is determined extremely by theoretical algorithm. In 147 zinc-finger-containing genes, 50nt identity sequences were extracted. The results hint that 15 genes may related to block evolution. we analyzed the phylogenetic map of these 15 genes by uncorrected distance, Jukes Cantor distance, Tamura distance, Tajima-Nei distance, Jin-Nei distance or Kimura distance correction, but we found no satisfied result according to the block exchange pattern mentioned before. Introducing Bootstrap test to assistant correction, an comparatively perfect map was drown by Neighbor Joining method.

以147个含锌指基因为模板，我们搜索了其中的50nt一致序列作为板块式进化的核心，获得15个相关基因，应用无校正距离、Jukes Cantor校正距离、Tamura校正距离、Tajima-Nei校正距离、Jin-Nei校正距离和Kimura校正距离等分析了他们之间的进化关系，结果与已知的板块交换模式吻合度较差，引入靴带检验对Jukes Cantor校正距离结果进行统计学校正，并重新用Neighbor Joining方法绘制进化图，结果可靠性大大提高。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。