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In this paper, we focus on such aspect as mathematic expression in DNA and protein sequences, similarity analysis and phylogenetic tree structure. Mainly include:After summarization mathematical methods of DNA and protein sequences in detail, the paper presents a 2D graphical representation of DNA sequences based on dual nucleotide, and graphical representation of the distribution curve of sequences with nucleotide sequences of the classification.

论文在DNA和蛋白质序列的数学表示、相似性分析和进化树的构造等方面进行研究，主要工作包括：在对DNA和蛋白质序列的数学表示方法进行较为详细的综述后，提出了一种基于双核苷酸的DNA序列2D图形表示方法，利用核苷酸的分类给出了序列的分布曲线图形表示。

The genetic distance a mong different splash types of H.axyridis was 0.0021 to 0.0328 The aver age gene tic distance was 0.0193 The molecular phylogenetic tree suggested that the me mb ers with the same elytron color were grouped together with high bootstrap confid ence values, showing low diversity among the populations. H. axyridis ab. luna t a Hem and H.axyridis var. spectabilis Fald were most closely related. H.ax yridis var. axyridis Pallas was a primordial population of coccinellidae, which wa s differentiated earlier than the other populations.

分子系统树显示：各类群间遗传分化很小，鞘翅颜色相同的瓢虫均已较高的置信值聚在一起；双月斑变型和显明变种亲缘关系最近，重名变种为原始类群，分化较早，与其它12种不同色斑异色瓢虫亲缘关系较远。

The phylogenetic analysis showed that QH3,HLJ and A4 belonged to the genetype Ⅷ,Ⅸ,Ⅵ respectively. It indicated that not only NDV genetypes among epizootic strains isolated from different areas were evidently variable, but also special genetype DC which hadnt prevailed in abroad was present in China.

表明我国NDV流行毒株在各地区之间具有明显的基因型差异，而且还具有不同于国外流行的我国特有的基因型——基因Ⅸ型。

The phylogenetic analysis showed that QH3,HLJ and A4 belonged to the genetype Ⅷ,Ⅸ,Ⅵ respectively. It indicated that not only NDV genetypes among epizootic strains isolated from different areas were evidently variable, but also special genetype DC which hadn't prevailed in abroad was present in China.

表明我国NDV流行毒株在各地区之间具有明显的基因型差异，而且还具有不同于国外流行的我国特有的基因型——基因Ⅸ型。

The genetic relationships among Euglena strains remain poorly understood, despite a rich history of morphological examination and an extensive phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal RNA genes.

尽管以前对眼虫进行过大量的形态发育研究和基于核糖体RNA基因的系统发育分析，但对于株系之间的关系仍然知之甚少。

In animals, mitochondrial DNA is generally a 15-22 kb circular genome containing 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, as well as a control region. All 37 genes are arranged in the same relative order almost in all vertebrate species from teleost fishes to eutherian mammals. In recent years, mtDNA has been widely used as a useful marker system in numerous phylogenetic analyses in vertebrate relationships.

脊椎动物线粒体DNA是一个环形结构，长度约为15-22kb.mtDNA呈母系遗传，具有相对保守性，已被广泛应用于分析动物个体鉴别和动物类群间的系统发生关系。

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in goldfish were examined using mitochondrial D-Loop partial sequences at eight representative varieties of goldfishes and wild crucian carp. The eight representative varieties were Red Common Goldfish, Red Fantail, White Oranda with Red Carp, White Pearlscale, Red Tigerhead, Black Moor, Red Moor with Butterfly Tail and Red Bubble-eye with Dorsal Fin. 699 base-pair nucleotide sequences of Mitochondrial D-Loop were examined and analyzed for genetic polymorphism, Sequences data showed that all 129 sequences were grouped into 17 haplotypes. Nine representative varieties shared same haplotype. Five representative varieties of goldfishes had haplotypes respectively.

采用PCR技术扩增了红草金鱼，红文鱼，红顶白高头，白珍珠，红狮头，红龙睛蝶尾，墨龙睛，红水泡八个品种金鱼和野生鲫线粒体DNA的D-Loop区部分序列，PCR产物经纯化、测序、同源序列比对后获得长度为699bp的核苷酸序列，在129个样本中共检测到了17个单倍型，9个品种共享1种单倍型，5个品种的金鱼(BM， MB， WR， RF， RC)检测到各自独有的单倍型。

This was the first report on the phylogenetic characterization of the symbiotic bacteria associated with the symbiotic flagellate Pyrsonympha vertens in the gut of Reticulitermes flavipes.

根据测序克隆的RFLP图谱所代表的克隆数，说明"白蚁菌群1"和CFB phylum的拟杆菌均为与鞭毛虫P.vertens相关的优势共生细菌类群。

The multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that each genewas a member of a multigene family. 3. The function of 3GT gene was confirmed by Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation of arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed by floral dip method with AgrobacteriumGV3101 carrying expression vector pG3GT. Four transformants were selected for theirgrowth ability on 1/2MS medium containing 50mg/L kanamycin.

马铃薯野生种3GT基因的功能验证为了验证马铃薯野生种3GT基因的功能，构建带CaMV 35S启动子的表达载体pG3GT，转化农杆菌GV3101，用茵液浸泡花序法对拟南芥进行遗传转化，在含50mg／LKan的1／2MS培养基上筛选，得到4个抗性幼苗，转化率为0.13％，对移栽成活的3株进行PCR检测为阳性，Southern blot分析2株表现为阳性并为单拷贝整合。

We can predict the structure and function of new sequence, and analyze the homologous relationship by aligning sequences and constructing phylogenetic tree.

通过多序列比对和系统发育可以预测新序列的结构和功能，分析序列之间的同源关系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。