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The gap element method is proposed in the paper for two kinds of problems, which include contact problem and gap joint problem. Elasticity contact problem falls into the category of unknown boundary value problems. It follows that the contact area and contact conditions or states can never be determined without special mathematical analysis, which is a very difficult work. The boundary conditions of the contact surfaces are deduced.

文中给出了间隙元法在空间可动部件接触问题中的应用，推导了其几何边界条件和力学边界条件，利用虚功原理推导了含间隙元弹性接触问题的有限元方程式，给出了其数值解法的迭代步骤，并指出了利用间隙单元进行分析的特点。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

Since the above six are self-sufficient man likes to do the job, and the pursuit of self-worth, feel self-care, personal space, respect for another's privacy, pay attention to personal style and taste, do not follow the crowd, there is awareness of the law of "80 After "will consciously dislike these acts: for example, talk to others for no reason," 80 after the "more agreeable to the West are more concerned about the self-opinion, very few non-Road, concerned about others; such as, enjoy preaching others," 80后" from an early age from schools, parents, etc. too much preaching, preaching and therefore acts very much, resulting in antagonistic, their attention; For instance, to belittle the advantages of others,"80 after" consider embodies self-worth is not to derogate others premise, the more The more derogatory of others to explain their value enough, are their attractions; For instance, smoking in the office,"after 80" would be a focus on self and respect for others the organic integration of generation, because these two are not always contradictory, if that "after 80" only know that take care of their own convenience, on the wrong; such as, the mentality of not enough sunlight,"80后" feel self-care, therefore, delighted to do anything on an individual basis or as a premise, we think that good , but their psychological upset, does not endorse, they will not act in accordance with the meaning of the U.S., the ultimate manifestation of personal values on the individual feel, are their characteristics; For instance, loud make personal phone calls,"80, after" personal space, respect for others Privacy, therefore, in a public office area will be less and less to see the "80 after" unscrupulous people talking about the workplace their own affairs, the concept of privacy, especially popular in this generation will be reflected in the workplace in the past.

因为，上述6条都是不够自我的职场中人喜欢做的，而追求自我价值、在乎自我感受、重视个人空间、尊重他人隐私、讲究个人风格与品味、不随波逐流、有法律意识的"80后"会自觉地不喜欢这些行为：比如，无端议论他人，"80后"比较认同西方人较为关注自我的观点，很少道人是非，关注别人的事；比如，喜欢说教别人，"80后"从小受到来自学校、家长等的太多说教，因此对说教行为很反感，从而产生逆反，自己注意；比如，贬低别人优势，"80后"认为体现自我价值不是以贬损别人为前提的，越贬损别人越说明自己的价值不够，是他们的过人之处；比如，在办公区吸烟，"80后"将是注重自我和尊重别人有机结合的一代，因为这两者始终不矛盾，如果认为"80后"只知道照顾自己的方便，就大错特错了；比如，心态不够阳光，"80后"在乎自我感受，因此，任何事情是以个人高兴与否作为前提的，大家觉得好，但自己心理不高兴、不认可，便不会根据大家的意思行事，个人价值最终体现在个人感受上，是他们的特点；比如，大声打私人电话，"80后"重视个人空间、尊重他人隐私，因此，在公共办公区将越来越少地看到"80后"职场人肆无忌惮地谈论自己的事情，隐私的概念在这一代特别流行，将会体现到职场中来。

When medical instrument draft condition becomes poor and the internal temperature rises reaching the controlled temperature of bimetallic strip temperature control unit, the normally closed stationary contact and normally closed moving contact disconnect to make main circuit power interruption and instrument stopping work, at the same time normally closed moving contact and normal open stationary contact switching-on, indicating light working, prompting the medical instrument being stopped because of superheating.

当医用仪器通风条件变差，内部温度上升，达到双金属片温控器的控制温度时，常闭静触点和常闭动触点断开，主电路供电中断，仪器停止工作，同时常闭动触点与常开静触点接通，指示灯工作，提示医用仪器因过热而停机。

With morphology characteristics of erosion concave of Ag and Pd contact materials in nitrogen and air being compared, influence on erosion, welding and breakdown voltage of contact for nitrogen and SF_6 being analyzed, influence on contact for the formic acid, toluene, carbinol and distilled water being analyzed, it was showed that the influence on performance parameters of relay contact for various atmospheres is very com...

通过比较触头材料Ag和Pd分别在氮气和空气中侵蚀凹坑的形状特征，分析了氮气和SF6等气氛对触头侵蚀、熔焊、耐压的影响，及甲酸、甲苯、甲醇、蒸馏水等对触头的影响，表明各种气氛对继电器触头性能参数的影响十分复杂，该影响涉及对电弧运动规律的影响和与材料的化学反应。

The results show as follows: Due to unfitting between the wheel tread and profile of Frog No. 9, two-point contact occurs between the wheelset and frog and the contact patches become narrow and long; the Von Mises stress and contact force in the area of the contact patch between the tread close to the flange and the frog are so great that they go far beyond the yielding limit and enter the plastic deformation stage; this will lead to serious wearing of wheelset treads and frogs.

结果表明，由于车轮踏面与9号辙叉的型面不配合，轮对与辙叉形成两点接触，且接触斑狭长，靠近轮缘处踏面和辙叉接触斑的应力及接触力非常大，其数值远远超过材料的屈服极限，进入塑性变形阶段，这将导致车轮踏面与辙叉的磨耗严重。

The essay discusses the calculation and selection of body-form co-efficient for double contact lines suspension in urban mass transit, analyzes the affection from wind displacement of contact line, calculation of span , curvature of mast and calculating load and recommends that the shield between contact lines shall be considered for wind load of multi-contact lines.

对城市轨道交通双导线接触网悬挂风载体型系数进行了计算选用方面的探讨，并对接触线风偏移、计算跨距、支柱挠度和计算荷载的影响进行了分析，建议多导线的风载情况应考虑导线间的屏蔽作用。

Firstly, electrization knowledge related to the research is introduced. After a deep study on various contact loss detection techniques, especially on the electric arcs detection techniques, we draw the conclusion that the untouched detection technique based on phototube sensor can acquire exact contact loss information, and will to be the leading technique for contact loss measurement in future. Secondly, combining with the special railways system in our country, we analyze the cause of the arcs, and the influence on the power supply system and the on board traction drive due to the arcs in detail, and study the arcs' spectrum characteristic. We also analyze detecting principles and put forward with a method - using phototube sensor to detect the contact loss arcs, conceive the configurations and detection flows of the measurement.

文章通过对电气化铁道相关知识的了解及对国内外离线检测技术的深入了解，尤其是对离线电弧检测技术的了解，总结出了基于光电传感器的非接触离线电弧检测系统能够得到准确的弓网离线情况，并且是国内外检测技术的发展方向；文章详细的分析了离线电弧产生的原因，电弧对机车牵引动力的影响情况，研究了我国铁路系统中离线电弧的光谱特征分布；分析了系统的检测原理，提出了采用光电传感器实现对离线电弧进行检测的方法，并设计了"电力机车弓网离线电弧检测装置"的检测功能和管理功能，规划了系统的组成结构及检测流程。

The shapes of the melting solid surface may be concave, convex or plane, while the perimeter of plane contact regions may be rectangular, circular, elliptical, parabolic and arc curve. The types of relative motion reviewed here are the movement of a solid PCM melting inside a heated capsule, the movement of a hot body through a melting solid medium, slide contact and rolling contact. The contact melting may be caused by temperature difference, pressure difference, friction and viscous heating. Finally, the research regions in the future are summarized.

内容包括各种形式的接触熔化，可归纳为：在接触形状上可以有凹、凸与平的面，而接触的周长可以是矩形、圆形、椭圆形、抛物线形与弧形曲线；相对运动的类型有固体相变材料在加热容器内熔化，加热体通过熔化固体介质的运动，滑动接触与滚、转动接触；引起接触熔化的原因有温差、压力差、摩擦与粘性热。

In Chapter two, it is given of the three-dimensional boundary element and the boundary element space, Sobolev space for the contact boundary element problem with friction; it is proved of existence and uniqueness of the solution by variation inequality for the contact Boundary Element Method matrix equation under two kinds of condition that the contact zone is fixed and the contact zone is increasing along with the load; it is given of the expressionfor the error of the exact solution and the boundary element solution.

第2章，给出三维边界单元及边界元空间、有摩擦接触边界元问题的Sobolev空间，利用变分不等式证明了不变接触区和随载荷可变接触区两种情况下的接触边界元法矩阵方程解的存在唯一性，给出了准确解与边界元解的误差表达式，还证明了三维弹塑性摩擦接触问题凝缩矩阵解的存在唯一性，为三维弹塑性摩擦接触边界元法奠定数学基础。

The circulation, consumption and reproduction of the trilogy have not only testified to its historical significance and literariness, but also invested it with new meanings.

该三部曲的流通、消费与再生产不仅验证了其历史意义及文学性，而切还赋予它以新的意义。

If he thought that he could buy me off, he would be wrong.

如果他认为他可以收买我，那他就大错特错了。