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It has been indicated that the growth of sPS particles includes five periods: macromolecular chains formation, macromolecular chains crystallization,"echinus"type particle appearing, wet powdery particles and dry powdery particles.

通过电镜观察发现，sPS粒子是许多小粒子的不规则聚集体，初级粒子的大小为1～2μm，而凝胶呈网络状结构。

The time-of-flight spectra of various particles, by which the concentration distribution of the responded particles was represented, were built by the emissive intensity of the same particles at different time.

利用各种粒子不同时刻发射的谱线强度描绘成该粒子的飞行时间谱，表征了等离子体中该粒子的空间浓度分布。

At the early iteratives, the mutation rate is bigger and the aim is to make particles to explore smaller and isolate region and to avoid the algorithm trapping to the local optimum. While the algorithm runs, the mutation rate will be decreased to reduce the disturbing to the particles. IPSO adopts a new method that congregates some neighboring individuals to form multiple sub-populations in order to lead particles to explore new search space. Additionally, our algorithm incorporates a mechanism with a simple and easy penalty function based on the largest distance between the particle and the boundary of the feasible region to handle constraint.

IPSO采用了一种新型的变异策略，变异概率随着算法的运行是动态变化的：在算法运行初期，变异概率大，其目的是使算法不但能够探测到目标空间中的孤立区域，而且避免搜索陷入局部极值；在算法运行后期，变异概率逐渐变小，以减少对粒子的扰动；算法通过将部分具有邻近距离的粒子聚集成核形成多子群引导种群中粒子的飞行；采用一个简单的基于粒子与可行域边界最远距离的罚函数处理约束的机制，使得算法高效实现。

Nanoscale zero valent iron particles were synthesized by reductive method in aqueous phase. The crystal structure, morphology and size of the particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of temperature, initial acid fuchsine concentration, nanoscale zero valent iron dosage and pH on the removal of acid fuchsine by the particles was studied, and the removal mechanism of acid fuchsine was discussed.

摘 要：采用液相还原法制备零价纳米铁粒子；用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征该样品的晶体结构、颗粒形貌与尺寸；研究温度、酸性品红初始浓度、纳米零价铁加入量及溶液pH值对零价纳米铁粒子脱除酸性品红的影响，并对酸性品红的脱除机理进行讨论。

The glomeration between particles were avoided by controlling zeta potential of SiC particles through adjusting pH values of solution. The particles coated were characterized by SEM and XRD techniques.

通过调节反应溶液的pH值控制SiC颗粒表面的zeta电位，解决包覆过程中颗粒团聚的问题。X射线衍射分析表明：经过包覆反应能够得到大部分包裹着Cu相的SiC颗粒。

First of all, this study will be multi-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical oxidation process purified so it can be modified to deal with than the purification of purity before the modified 5 wt%, more than 1.89 times the surface area to increase the surface potential decrease of about 10 ~ 20 mV and the surface functional base (-COOH and-OH) to increase 1.45 times, and then the control technology of electroless preparation parameters include: analysis of plating time, plating analysis of temperature, metal ions in solution than the (Fe2+/ Ni2+), bath pH and the added value of dispersion Agent and other research towards Fe-Ni particles to increase the iron content and Fe-Ni particles spread in the MWCNT upper fixed targets,the results found that when the parameters for the preparation of 50 ℃, pH10, do not add dispersant, metal ions than the solution (Fe2 +/ Ni2 +) 7, the highest iron content can be Fe = 40.55 at%(flat iron content 111.17 mg / g) of nanocomposites Fe-Ni/CNT, then for a series of the nature of its analysis, the final evaluation Fe-Ni/CNT nanocomposites were processed on the effectiveness of the application of mixed pollutants, the results showed that in 120 minutes at the same time when Adsorption of heavy metal ions lead nitrate 10 ppm, selenium heavy metal ion degradation of 1 ppm and orange azo dye AO7 50 ppm standard of effluents, and after a total Fe-Ni nano-particles to SEM / EDS analysis of more than 50% still remaining.

本研究首先将多壁奈米碳管以化学氧化法做纯化改质处理能使其纯度较纯化改质前提高5 wt％、比表面积提高1.89倍、表面电位下降约10~20 mV以及表面官能基提高1.45倍，再控制无电镀技术之制备参数包括：析镀时间、析镀温度，镀液中金属离子比(Fe2+/Ni2+)、镀液pH值及是否添加分散剂等，研究朝提高Fe-Ni粒子的含铁量与Fe-Ni粒子散布固定在MWCNT上等目标进行，研究结果发现当制备参数为50 ℃、pH10、不添加分散剂、镀液金属离子比(Fe2+/Ni2+)7时，可得到最高铁含量Fe = 40.55 at％(单位铁含量111.17 mg/g)之奈米复合材料Fe-Ni/CNT，接著对其作一系列性质分析，最后评估奈米复合材料Fe-Ni/CNT对共处理混合污染物之应用效益，结果显示其在120分钟时能够同时吸附重金属硝酸铅离子10 ppm、重金属硒酸根离子1 ppm及降解偶氮橘色染料AO7 50 ppm达放流水标准，且共处理后奈米Fe-Ni粒子以SEM/EDS分析仍剩余50 %以上。

Based on imaging technique, the shape measurement method and light scattering characteristics of static aerosol particles are investigated. The experimental apparatus is set up and the main effort is paid on the design of the scattering chamber and the optical fiber arrangement. The air-proof and the light-proof scattering chamber are designed for dynamic aerosol particles, and they are different from those for static aerosol particles. The control of airflow and the calibration procedure are also developed.

2针对静态气溶胶粒子，提出了基于成像法检测其形状与散射的方案，以散射腔为核心，确定了光纤插孔的排布，研制出"中正式"结构的实验装置；针对动态气溶胶粒子，设计了密封和光封的独特散射腔，实施了流量控制，制订了定标方案，初步完成了满足动态气溶胶粒形统计要求的实验装置。

Firstly, micron-size monodisperse polystyrene particles were prepared by emulsifier-free polymerization. Then the photo-initiator with double bond and ester group were attached on the surface of the PS particles by copolymerization using "starve" addition together with styrene. Finally both poly and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as hybrid hairy homopolymers were grafted on the surface of the PS particles by "grafting from" photo-initiation with sequential addition of AA and NIPA.

首先，通过无皂乳液聚合法合成亚微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球种子，半连续补加法表面负载光引发剂，运用"从表面接枝"技术及顺序添加相关单体的工艺这三步法，成功制得表面含电解质PAA及温敏性PNIPA的混合型毛发，探讨其制备过程和特性研究，表明PAA链的存在对PNIPA链的温敏性有明显影响。

Antiserum is absorbed by the gold magnetic particles. Model virus is captured by the antibody and gold magnetic particles is then separated from the blood substitution by magnetic force.Two kinds of model virus are treated with pasteurism and gold magnetic particles coupled with antiserum.

初步建立了一种新的病毒去除方法，利用物理吸附将针对指示病毒的抗血清偶联至微米级的金磁颗粒，利用偶联至金磁颗粒表面的抗体捕捉样品中的病毒颗粒，再通过磁性分离金磁颗粒达到净化血液制品的目的。

The combination of SEM and SIMS （secondary ion mass spectrometer） is one of the accepted working lines to analyze isotopic compositions of particles. But it required fast searching and accurate locating the interested particles on the sample planchet in SEM and then re-locating the particles and analyzing their isotopic composition in SIMS.

扫描电镜和二次离子质谱仪的联用是公认的微粒同位素分析技术路线之一，它需要用扫描电镜对样品垫上感兴趣的微粒进行快速查找和准确定位，最终用SIMS对同一微粒进行再定位和同位素分析。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。