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Furthermore, the general formula is illustrated as the weighted summation of historical position states, so as to prove that in terms of cumulative iterations, parameters of PSO have an inherent forgetting characteristic in probability, moreover the searching mechanisms of canonical PSO and Barebones particle swarm are almost the same.

通过将粒子运动的一般性描述图解为历史状态加权和的形式，进一步证明了PSO参数随迭代周期的积累，在概率意义上的遗忘特性。分析表明在经过一定周期的搜索后，标准PSO方法同Barebones粒子群方法(Barebones particle swarm， BBPS)具有近似的搜索机制。

This paper applies Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm in the cryptology area to design Boolean function in cryptography.

将粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization，PSO)算法应用于密码学领域，设计密码学中的密码函数—布尔函数。

By comparing and analyzing the solar and interplanetary data of two typical fast halo Coronal Mass Ejections, we have found that the event far away from Coronal Holes caused a great Solar Energetic Particle event, but the event very close to CHs did not cause a major SEP event.

通过对比两次快速晕状日冕物质抛射事件，分析相应的日面和行星际的观测资料，发现源区距离冕洞较远的CME引起了极强的太阳高能粒子(Solar Energetic Particle，SEP)事件，而源区非常靠近冕洞的CME则没有引起大的SEP事件。

Particle Image Velocimetry is a technique of measuring instantaneous 2D and3D velocity fields growing rapidly in recent years.

粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry，PIV)是近年来发展很快的一种定量化的瞬时二维及三维流场速度场测量技术。

The posterior probability of each node in a hierarchical dynamic Bayesian network is inferred based on particle filter in order to recognize situation events in real time.

采用Particle Filter粒子滤波方法对模型中各节点状态的后验概率进行实时估计，以对场景事件进行实时识别。

Reproducing Kernel Particle Method is one of the promising meshfreemethods with attractive features.

重构核质点法(Reproducing Kernel Particle Method，简称 RKPM)是一种有广泛发展前景的无网格方法，具有优良特性。

Powder-particle spouted bed developed by Japanese faculty is a new semidry flue gas desulfurization process.

粉末-颗粒喷动床(powder-particle spouted bed， PPSB)是近几年来由日本研究人员开发的一种新的半干法烟气脱硫技术。

To verify the accuracy of CFD simulations, experiments were carried out. The results of simulations with user defined function of the effects of impeller type and stirring rate on the velocity field were in good agreement with the output of particle image velocity. The oxygen mass transfer model can be used to predict the process of oxygen mass transfer in a vessel, and the logarithmical expression can successfully describe the relation between the oxygen concentration and the dissolution time.

结果表明，(1)采用Fluent软件并结合用户自定义方程(user defined function， UDF)能够很好地模拟出实际搅拌器内流场分布，模拟结果与采用粒子成像技术(particle image velocity， PIV)的实验测量结果相符；(2)采用氧气传质模型能预测氧气在搅拌器内的动态传质过程，同时氧气浓度与溶解时间的对数关系式能较好描述试验搅拌器内氧气动态传质过程；(3)在相同搅拌速度下，圆盘涡轮式搅拌器产生的湍流动能分布范围要大于桨式搅拌器产生的湍流动能，而且湍流动能分布更均匀，湍流强度更大。

Corresponding to the unimodality of the vertical projection, a staged particle swarm optimization is proposed.

针对投影的局部单峰特性，提出分段适应粒子群优化(staged particle swarm optimization，SPSO)算法。

This paper proposes an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.IPSO adopts a new mutation operator and a new method that congregates some neighboring individuals to form multiple sub-populations in order to lead particles to explore new search space.Additionally,this algorithm incorporates a mechanism with a simple and easy penalty function to handle constraint.Thus,this algorithm has strong global exploratory capability and efficiency while being applied to solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems.

提出了一种改进的粒子群算法（Improved Particle Swarm Optimization，IPSO），使用了一种新型的变异策略，并在搜索过程中将部分邻近的个体聚集成核，从而形成多子群引导粒子探测新的搜索区域，采用了简单易行的罚函数约束处理机制，使算法在求解较难的非线性约束优化问题时具有很强的全局搜索能力与效率。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。