查询词典 paradox

However, there exist some paradoxes in decision making logic, such as the Allais paradox and exchange paradox in expected utility theory, backward induction paradox and Gaifmann-Koons paradox originated from Newcomb problem in interactions, the famous Arrow voting paradox in group decision-making.

决策逻辑是社会科学的基础，然而在决策逻辑中存在悖论：不确定的概然决策中的期望收益理论面临阿莱斯悖论和"交换悖论"；互动决策中存在演绎性的逆向归纳法悖论，以及存在由纽柯姆难题改造而来的盖夫曼—孔斯悖论；群体决策中存在著名的阿罗悖论，等等。

paradox rule is no.201 item of wittgenstein's philosophical research which focuses on the relationship between the rule and the action. represented by bloor who takes paradox rules on the conduct of the suspected interpretation,ssk in a suspected interpretation thinks that the community assumpsit and benefits decide the consistency of action and rules. while represented by lynch who takes paradox rules on the conduct of the anti-interpretation of skepticism,post-ssk thinks that the rule is inherent of practice.

摘 要：规则悖论是维特根斯坦《哲学研究》的第二百零一条，主要讨论规则和行动的关系问题。ssk以布鲁尔为代表对规则悖论进行了怀疑式的解读，认为社会约定和利益决定了规则和行动的一致性；而后ssk以林奇为代表对规则悖论进行了反怀疑论的解读，认为规则内在于实践。

There are three paradoxes of economic ethics and economic ethic in theory and practice: value paradox of the dilemma of purpose and instrument, norm paradox of legislator and elucidator, and practice paradox of system dilemma.

经济伦理学和经济伦理在理论和实践方面存在三大悖论：目的-工具两难的价值悖论；"立法者"-"阐释者"僭越的规范悖论；制度化"围城"的实践悖论。

Logical paradox is divided into special logical paradox and general logical paradox.

逻辑悖论有狭义和广义之分。

The dialectical and logical formula of a paradox should demonstrate that the paradox is the unity of opposites of the two contradictory sides, no matter it is a subjective paradox or a real one.

悖论的辩证逻辑公式应该显示出：悖论是人们主观上认为的悖论和实际上的悖论的两个矛盾方面的对立统一体。

There had been three climaxes in investigating paradox in the logical history of the west. Especially the appearance of Rusells paradox leads to the third climax of the research into the paradox, which has directly accelerated the formation and development of mathematical logic.

在西方逻辑史上，曾有过三次悖论研究的高潮，尤其是罗素悖论所引发的第三次高潮，直接促进了数理逻辑的形成和发展。

Special logical paradox is a kind of rigid logical paradox which can be depicted by modern logical syntax, modern logical semantics and modern logical pragmatics from its form, and it is possible to infer the paradox from acknowledged correct background knowledge or presupposition of rational thinking subjects.

狭义逻辑悖论是指其由以导出的背景知识都是日常进行合理思维的理性主体普遍承认的公共知识或预设，均可通过现代逻辑语形学、逻辑语义学和逻辑语用学的研究使之得到严格的形式塑述和刻画，其推导过程可达到无懈可击的逻辑严格性的悖论。

From the defects in the basic theory of present classical infinite theory, the essential relationship between Russell's Paradox and Cantor's proof on the uncountability of real number set and the proof on the Cantor's Theorem of is analyzed and a mysterious error is found:The core of Cantor's above two important proofs in set theory are actually another versions of Russell's paradox and the very same paradoxical idea was applied in both Russell and Cantor's work, and Cantor made wrong use of this paradox idea with two logical mistakes.

从经典无穷理论体系中的缺陷入手，深入分析了罗素悖论与康托的实数集合不可数证明及康托定理证明之间的本质性联系，发现康托在这两个证明里的核心部分实际上是罗素悖论的翻版，它们与罗素悖论有完全相同的思路，并且康托犯了两个逻辑性错误而误用了这个悖论思路。

The third part touches upon the enlightenments gained from the study on the relationship between paradox and mathematical logic on the relationship between paradox and mathematical logic, which are the following: so long as we combine the way of formalization with the philosophizing analysis, look at things dialectically, and deal with things systematically, not only can the problem of paradox be solved relatively, but also a series of important discovery can be found in the process of resolution to it.

第三部分论述在探析悖论与数理逻辑的关系中所得到的意义和启示：只要我们把形式化的方法和哲学性的分析结合起来，用辩证的观点看问题，用系统的方法研究问题，悖论不但可以得到相对的解决，而且在解决悖论的过程中会引出一系列的重大发现。

The traditional mathematical expectation also results in the problem which puzzled the economist many years such as the Allais paradox and the Ellesberg paradox ...

Choquet(1953)提出了容度的概念以后，Choquet积分作为对传统数学期望的一种改进，被自然的引如到经济学中来。

Objective To investigate the relationship between ovum fertilization rate and sperm morphology, acrosome reaction in IVF and to explore the influence of parameters of sperm on fertilization rate.

目的 研究体外受精(in vitro fertilization，IVF)中精子形态、顶体反应与卵子受精率之间的关系，分析精子各参数在IVF受精率方面的参考意义。

A: I hear Mr. White wants to run for the Presidency!

我听说怀特先生要参加总统竞选！