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A method of snow covered ground simulation using the first-order radioactive transfer model is described in this paper.

介绍一种基于一阶辐射传输的积雪散射模型。

The main contents of the present paper include: 1、The mechanism of fouling accumulation and the effects of fouling and slagging on boiler performance are analyzed. The model of fouling increasing is developed on the basis of sediment rate and denudation rate. The fouling monitoring models for boiler furnace and convective sections based on heat balance, the ones for air heater based on converted pressure difference are given. The implement results show that these models can reveal the cleanliness of boiler heat transfer surface. 2、The disadvantages of the model for boiler furnace fouling and slagging monitoring based on heat balance are discussed, and the calculation of radiant heat flux is considered as the primary difficulty.

主要包括以下内容： 1、分析了锅炉受热面污染形成的机理，从灰污的沉积率和剥蚀率角度出发，推导了受热面灰污增长的基本模型，分析了灰污热阻随积灰时间和烟气流速变化的规律，并通过大量现场试验，得到了沉积常数与时间常数的取值范围； 2、针对炉膛、对流受热面和空气预热器等不同受热面的传热特性，分别建立了基于热平衡和折算压差的污染在线监测模型，经实践验证，其监测结果能够满足现场工程应用的精度要求； 3、分析了基于热平衡原理的辐射、半辐射污染监测模型的不足之处，指出了机理模型因对炉内辐射换热量计算不准确，导致对以辐射换热为主的炉膛和以半辐射半对流的屏式过热器监测效果不够理想。

This paper reports the current studies on the film cooling characteristics of single-row holes on flat plate at different blowing ratios, and analyzes the distributions of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient downstream the film holes.

对不同吹风比条件下的典型单排孔冷却结构的平板气膜冷却特性进行了实验研究，对冷却孔下游的气膜冷却效率及换热系数分布规律进行了分析。

In the Subprime Crisis, exchange rate is not the essential cause anymore. The paper reexamines the financial leverage effect, proposing that the system of risk-evading self-expansion, financial derivative products, which transfer credit risks, and the conflicts of monetary policies are the essential causes for the expansion of subprime crisis into global financial field.

汇率不再是海啸的罪魁祸首，文章重新审视当代金融的杠杆效应，揭示自我膨胀的风险逃避机制，金融产品过度衍生传递信用风险，货币政策的有效性冲突是次贷危机全球快速蔓延并形成传染效应的重要原因。

G Single-Screw Pumps is an enclosed screw pump with inner gearing, a kind of rotor positive-displacement pump. As this kind of pump is characterized by being adaptable for the medium, stable flow, good suction performance and small pressure pulsation, it can transfer very viscous media or those containing hard suspended or solid grains or fiber apart from various flowing media. Besides, it boasts good adjusting performance, wide range and high efficiency. Therefore it is widely applied in various industries like environmental protection, shipping, petroleum, pharmacy, household chemical, food, brewage, construction, mining, chemistry, printing, paper making, power plants and boilers.

上海帕特泵业制造有限公司的G 型单螺杆泵是一种内啮合的密闭式螺杆泵，属转子式容积泵，由于这种对介质的适应性强，流动平稳，吸入性能好，压力脉动小，除可以输送各种可流动的介质外，还可以输送高粘稠介质、含有硬质悬浮颗粒或固体颗粒的介质、含有纤维的介质，调节性能好，范围宽，效率高，因此，在环境保护、船舶、石油、医药、日化、食品、酿造、建筑、采矿、化学、印刷、造纸、电厂、锅炉等各种行业得到广泛应用。

G Single-Screw Pumps is an enclosed screw pump with inner gearing, a kind of rotor positive-displacement pump. As this kind of pump is characterized by being adaptable for the medium, stable flow, good suction performance and small pressure pulsation, it can transfer very viscous media or those containing hard suspended or solid grains or fiber apart from various flowing media. Besides, it boasts good adjusting performance, wide range and high efficiency. Therefore it is widely applied in various industries like environmental protection, shipping, petroleum, pharmacy, household chemical, food, brewage, construction, mining, chemistry, printing, paper making, power plants and boilers.

上海帕特泵业制造有限公司产生的 G 型单螺杆泵是一种内啮合的密闭式螺杆泵，属转子式容积泵，由于这种对介质的适应性强，流动平稳，吸入性能好，压力脉动小，除可以输送各种可流动的介质外，还可以输送高粘稠介质、含有硬质悬浮颗粒或固体颗粒的介质、含有纤维的介质，调节性能好，范围宽，效率高，因此，在环境保护、船舶、石油、医药、日化、食品、酿造、建筑、采矿、化学、印刷、造纸、电厂、锅炉等各种行业得到广泛应用。

Single-Screw Pumps is an enclosed screw pump with inner gearing, a kind of rotor positive-displacement pump. As this kind of pump is characterized by being adaptable for the medium, stable flow, good suction performance and small pressure pulsation, it can transfer very viscous media or those containing hard suspended or solid grains or fiber apart from various flowing media. Besides, it boasts good adjusting performance, wide range and high efficiency. Therefore it is widely applied in various industries like environmental protection, shipping, petroleum, pharmacy, household chemical, food, brewage, construction, mining, chemistry, printing, paper making, power plants and boilers.

型系列单螺杆泵概述Overview 上海帕特泵业制造有限公司产生的G型单螺杆泵是一种内啮合的密闭式螺杆泵，属转子式容积泵，由于这种对介质的适应性强，流动平稳，吸入性能好，压力脉动小，除可以输送各种可流动的介质外，还可以输送高粘稠介质、含有硬质悬浮颗粒或固体颗粒的介质、含有纤维的介质，调节性能好，范围宽，效率高，因此，在环境保护、船舶、石油、医药、日化、食品、酿造、建筑、采矿、化学、印刷、造纸、电厂、锅炉等各种行业得到广泛应用。

Single-Screw Pumps is an enclosed screw pump with inner gearing, a kind of rotor positive-displacement pump. As this kind of pump is characterized by being adaptable for the medium, stable flow, good suction performance and small pressure pulsation, it can transfer very viscous media or those containing hard suspended or solid grains or fiber apart from various flowing media. Besides, it boasts good adjusting performance, wide range and high efficiency. Therefore it is widely applied in various industries like environmental protection, shipping, petroleum, pharmacy, household chemical, food, brewage, construction, mining, chemistry, printing, paper making, power plants and boilers.

型单螺杆泵是一种内啮合的密闭式螺杆泵，属转子式容积泵，由于这种对介质的适应性强，流动平稳，吸入性能好，压力脉动小，除可以输送各种可流动的介质外，还可以输送高粘稠介质、含有硬质悬浮颗粒或固体颗粒的介质、含有纤维的介质，调节性能好，范围宽，效率高，因此，在环境保护、船舶、石油、医药、日化、食品、酿造、建筑、采矿、化学、印刷、造纸、电厂、锅炉等各种行业得到广泛应用。

G Single-Screw Pumps is an enclosed screw pump with inner gearing, a kind of rotor positive-displacement pump. As this kind of pump is characterized by being adaptable for the medium, stable flow, good suction performancesmall pressure pulsation, it can transfer very viscous mediathose containing hard suspendedsolid grainsfiber apart from various flowing media. Besides, it boasts good adjusting performance, wide rangehigh efficiency. Therefore it is widely applied in various industries like environmental protection, shipping, petroleum, pharmacy, household chemical, food, brewage, construction, mining, chemistry, printing, paper making, power plantsboilers.

上海帕特泵业制造有限公司产生的G型单螺杆泵是一种内啮合的密闭式螺杆泵，属转子式容积泵，由于这种对介质的适应性强，流动平稳，吸入性能好，压力脉动小，除可以输送各种可流动的介质外，还可以输送高粘稠介质、含有硬质悬浮颗粒或固体颗粒的介质、含有纤维的介质，调节性能好，范围宽，效率高，因此，在环境保护、船舶、石油、医药、日化、食品、酿造、建筑、采矿、化学、印刷、造纸、电厂、锅炉等各种行业得到广泛应用。

Methods and characteristics are described in this paper for fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.

本文叙述荧光共振能量转移显微术及荧光寿命成像显微术的原理、方法及特点。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。