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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

The food anaphylactogen is a kind of potential relatively risky danger, has already been paid attention to American-European countries correspondingly, but hardly there is not a corresponding regulation in our country.

小弟在写论文时，卡在了英文摘要一块。见引号中食物过敏原是一种潜在的风险较大的危害，在欧美国家已得到相应重视，但我们国家几乎没有相应的法规。

In recent years more attention to the relationship between androgen level and heart disease in males was paid.

近年来老年男性中雄激素水平和心血管疾病之间的关系得到了越来越多的关注，但一些研究得出的结论并不一致。

With the development of the China's national economy, especially after China's having joined the WTO, the districts anear oceans are facing increasingly fierce market competition as a link used for connecting the outside word. Therefore the strategic theories have been paid more attention on the development of the districts anear oceans.

内容摘要：随着我国国民经济的发展，特别是中国加入 WTO 以后，临海地区作为一个与外界紧密连接的窗口和物字流动的纽带，面临着日益激烈的市场竞争，用战略的理论来规划临海地区的发展越来越引起人们的重视。

That's mine," he said angrily."I paid for it.""

那是我的电话机"，他生气地说，"我付了钱的。""

How much do you get paid annually.

你的年薪是多少？

Interest is paid at the rate of 1% per annum at present.

现在每年的利率是1%。

Ansari earns $2,500 a year – less than 10% of what Weitz was being paid for the same job.

安萨莉一年赚两千五百美元，还不及怀兹从前做同样工作待遇的十分之一。

Ansari reportedly paid US$20 million to become the fourthprivateastronaut to take a trip on a Russian spacecraft and visitthestation.

据悉，安萨里为此次太空行花了2000万美元，并成为史上第四位乘坐俄制飞船遨游空间站的太空游客。

I have long been a antagonizer for Optus, or any Australian carrier, to offer a pre-paid BlackBerry option and it finally looks like someone has heeded.

长久以来，我一antagonizer的Optus公司，或任何澳大利亚的运营商，提供一个预付费黑莓的选择，它最后看起来像有人注意。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。