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Therefore, it can be regarded as a great improvement of the investment decision-making theory and methods .This article makes a systematic research on real options theory and method and its application, including the following several main aspects:Firstly, it makes a detailed discussion about the common theoretical basis of financial options and real options, including no-arbitrage equilibrium principle, risk-neutral definition, complete market and dynamic tracking.Secondly, it analyze three basic characteristic of investment decision-making in modern market economic system: irreversibility, uncertainty and flexibility, and from the angle of their mutual quantitative and qualitative interactions, it makes a comparison between the traditional NPV methods and real options methods and makes a summary of the general analytical methods of real options.Thirdly, it discusses the all elements in the application of real options such as the ^leakages in value of real assets, basis risk, and private risk, and furthermore, it attempts to put forth a normalized strategy of its application and construct a basic framework of its application.Fourthly, it applies real options theory to strategetic investment of enterprises and the buy-out of company, putting forth a value model for strategetic investment program and making a concrete analysis of its application to buy-out. Furthermore, it advocates that a flexible investment decision-making system should be setup according to real options theory in our country.

本文对实物期权理论和方法及其应用进行了系统研究，主要内容包括如下几个方面：(1)详细讨论了金融期权和实物期权共同的理论基础，主要包括无套利均衡原理、风险中性定义、完全市场以及动态复制方法，对这些理论方法的探讨既是本文的出发点和基础，它们提供了研究实际应用实物期权的一个基准点，也是贯穿全文的线索和灵魂；(2)分析了现代市场经济体系中投资决策的三个基本特征即不可逆性、不确定性和时机选择，并从它们数量上和质量上相互作用的重要意义的角度，分析了传统的净现值法与实物期权方法的差异，指出了净现值法在不确定环境中存在的缺陷及实物期权处理投资灵活性的价值，并将净现值法纳入实物期权投资分析决策体系当中，总结了企业投资决策实物期权的一般分析方法；(3)探讨了实物期权应用中要考虑的各种要素，如实物资产的价值漏损、基差风险和非市场风险等，并进一步提出了实物期权应用的规范化策略和构建了一个实际应用实物期权方法的基本框架，尝试将期权的基本原理与企业在现实经济环境中投资决策的要素结合起来，从而可以在一定程度上超越期权的复杂的数学计算而汲取期权思想的精华，从而促进期权决策方法在实际投资决策中的应用；(4)将实物期权方法应用于企业战略投资，得出了战略投资项目的价值模型，指出可以将实物期权理论和方法应用于企业并购，分析了应用的具体方面，并提出应根据实物期权理论建立一套适合我国企业的灵活的投资决策系统。

Exchange traded options include: stock options, commodity options, bond options, interest rate options index options, currency cross rate options, and swaptions.

外汇买卖的期权包括：股票期权，期货期权，债券期权，利率期权指数的选择，交叉货币利率期权，掉。

Introduces the notion of Feynman's path integrals and path integrals approach to financial modeling; Derives the path-dependent options pricing formula by making use of the Lagrange form of path integrals; Discusses Ilinski(2003)'s Gauge model which based on path integrals and fibre bundle, and its application for real-options evaluation; Summarizes the general modeling framework of options evaluation, taking advantage of the Hamilton form of path integrals; Applies the Geske-Johnson's analytical approximation in the path integrals form to the real-options evaluation for investment decisions, detailed procedure is presented under the assumption that underlying asset price dynamic follows a geometric Brownian motion, and the integral reduction for multivariate normal integrals and polynomial approximation for real-options evaluation is given.

系统论述了路径积分概念方法及其在期权估值中的应用，利用路径积分方法的Lagrange表述推导了路径依赖期权定价公式：探讨了基于路径积分和纤维丛的Gauge模型思想方法在实物期权价值评估中的应用；利用路径积分的Hamilton表述形式，总结了基于Hamilton表述的期权估值一般化框架；基于路径积分的形式框架建立了一个新的投资期权估值模型，并在具体的估值算法中给出了多重正态积分的降阶计算和期权价值的多项式逼近方法。

Option Contracts:—Equity options;—Stock index options;—Foreign currency options;—Options on futures contracts;—Option-based interest rate contracts:●Caps and floors;●Collars: special combinations of caps and floors;●Swaption: Options that allow the holder to enter into a swap contract at a later date.

期权合约：—股票期权；—股票指数期权；—外汇期权；—期货合约期权；—基于利率合约的期权：●利率顶和利率底；●利率套：利率顶和利率底的特定组合；●互换权：允许持有者在一个日期以后进入互换的期权。

Mr. Jagannath is currently considered in the top 5 options traders on Comex Gold options, one of the premier market makers of cross atlantic oil arbitrage (NYMEX/IPE BRENT : WTI spreads), one of the first to make long dated markets in Petroleum crude oil and distilate (from 1 month to 5 years. He also holds the daily record on CME IMM Options Market with 110'000 options traded in one single day.

Jagannath先生目前是纽约商品交易所排名前5位的黄金期权交易商，跨大西洋原油(NYMEX/IPE BRENT ： WTI spreads)套利交易的主要做市商之一，首批原油长期做市商之一（提供1个月至5年的原油和蒸馏油合约），目前依然保持芝加哥商品交易所国际货币市场部单日交易110，000手期权合约的纪录。

Options XSERVER # support for X server on a vt console #options FAT_CURSOR # start with block cursor # If you have a ThinkPAD, uncomment this along with the rest of the PCVT lines #options PCVT_SCANSET=2 # IBM keyboards are non-std

当连接到网络上许多计算机时，这个驱动程序也常是很有用的，这是因为许多的计算机上的termcap或是terminfo并没有sc0 的资料――而vt100的资料几乎所有的平台上都支持。

Options XSERVER # support for X server on a vt console#options FAT_CURSOR # start with block cursor# If you have a ThinkPAD, uncomment this along with the rest of the PCVT lines#options PCVT_SCANSET=2 # IBM keyboards are non-std

当连接到网络上许多不同类型计算机时，这个驱动程序也常是很有用的，这是因为许多的计算机上的termcap 或是terminfo 并不支持 sc0 ―而vt100 的资料几乎所有的平台上都支持。

To move between options in the selected drop-down list box, or to move between some options in a group of options

在所选的下拉式列表框中的选项之间移动，或在选项组的某些选项之间移动

In this paper we considered three problems on Asian options pricing: The valuation of geometric average Asian options with stochastic averaging period, the valuation of Asian options with fixed strike price and floating strike price in the case of arithmetic average.

本文考虑了三个关于亚式期权的定价问题：平均周期是随机的几何平均亚式期权的定价；具有固定执行价格的算术平均亚式期权的定价和具有浮动执行价格的算术平均亚式期权的定价。

Then it analyses the suitableness and limitation of both the traditional methods and real options methods. Furthermore, it compared real options methods with the traditional ones, and points out the advantages of real options methods in high-tech enterprise evaluation.

接下来分析了传统估值方法和实物期权方法的适用性和局限性，并将实物期权法与传统评估方法进行比较分析，指出了实物期权法在高科技企业价值评估中的优势。

In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed on the ocean.

在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因为无风而无法在海洋上航行。

As long as foreign donors pay the PA's salary bill, few expect a new intifada.

只要外国继续为巴权力机构的薪水买单，希望发动新暴动的人便寥寥无几。