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The results showed that the developmental threshold of egg, larva and immature periods was 12.67, 13.86 and 13.53℃, respectively. It revealed parabola relationship between temperature and both generation survival and finite increase rates. According to the corresponding parabola functions, the optimal temperature for survival and population increase was 30.2 and 33.7℃, respectively, and the optimal temperature range for growth and development of C. maculates was between 30 and 34℃.

结果表明：四纹豆象卵期、豆内幼虫及蛹期、未成熟期发育点温度分别为12.67，13.86和13.53℃；温度与世代存活率及周限增长率均呈二次抛物线关系，根据相应抛物线方程可知，四纹豆象理论最适生存温度和最适种群增长温度分别为30.2℃和33.7℃，其生长发育繁殖的最适温区为30～34℃。

At first, we investigated the optimal components of culture medium for thereafter purification. We found that the optimal culture medium could produce better yield of red-pigmented antibiotic when 1.5% fructose and 1.5% malt extract included, and incubated at 30℃ under shaking conditions for 6 days.

我们逐步由探讨培养基条件为始，以利后续的生产纯化的进行，发现以1.5%果糖与1.5%麦芽抽出物之液态培养条件下，以30℃震荡培养6天后，有最适红色抗菌物质之产率，并且可减少其他色素的产生，再试著将其纯化。

The optimal entrance point mostly locate at the root of accessoryprocess which adjacent to the mamillary process from L1 to L4, Theadjustable range of entrance points of the 4 segments almost cover theaccessory process, But at L5, The optimal entrance point is much moreoutside away from the accessory process, just at the middle of thetransverse process and the adjustable range of entrance points islimited.

这与钉尾间距的明显变化相一致，手术时应注意调整螺钉钉尖内偏角度观察椎弓根螺钉进钉点发现内外侧螺钉进钉点与内上、外上螺钉进钉点构成接近矩形的梯形区域，最佳进钉点居于内外进钉点中部。L1到L4最佳进钉点位于副突根部靠近乳突处，随着椎体节段下降，进钉点逐渐移向外侧，L1最佳进钉点基本在副突根部骨嵴内侧缘，L2、L3最佳进钉点基本在副突根部骨嵴上，L4最佳进钉点基本在副突根部骨嵴外侧缘。L1到L4可选进钉点范围几乎均包含副突骨嵴。L5最佳进钉点则明显偏外，多数位于副突根部与横突外端连线的中内1／3。

H and M c are wetter than middle soil water content, belongs to mesophytes; The optimal water niche of Mosla scabra, on photosynthesis is more wetter than that of M.h and Me, the optimal water niche between mesophytes and hygrophytes, and leaning to hygrophytes; The photosynthetic water condition of M.d is arid environments, and its ecotype exits between mesophytes and xerophytes, and leaning to xerophytes.5 M.h and M.s are locating between shade plants and sun plants, while M.c and M.d obviously belong to sun plants.

杭州石荠苧与华荠苧光合的最适水分条件是中等偏湿，其水分生态类型应属于中生植物；石荠苧光合的最适水分条件比杭州石荠苧与华荠苧光合的最适水分条件要求更湿，其水分生态类型介于中生和湿生植物之间，更偏向湿生；小鱼仙草光合作用的水分生态条件是干旱条件，其水分生态类型介于中生与旱生植物之间，更偏向旱生。

The effect of the substrate concentrations on 5-fluorouridine production was investigated in the presence of various concentrations of uridine and 5-fluorouracil under the optimal conditions mentioned below. The best conversion yield, 49% was obtained in optimal reaction conditions.

我们也探讨了在不同反应条件下5-氟尿苷的酶促合成，结果表明，产气肠杆菌EAM-Z〓游离细胞以UR和5-FU作为底物合成5-FUR的最佳条件为：最适pH为7.8，最适温度55℃，UR/5-FU为2.8，磷酸盐浓度为30mM，菌体用量为10％，反应时间为9h。

Based on the state estimation for each local nonsingular system,the optimal full-order filters and smoothers are obtained for the original system using the optimal weighted fusion algorithms in the linear minimum variance sense.

在得到局部非奇异系统的状态估计后，利用线性最小方差意义下的最优加权融合算法，得到了原系统的全阶最优融合滤波器和平滑器。

In the non_dimensional time domain,the generalized quadratic performance criterion of error state is transited into the optimal problem of structural parameters,thus to get an optimal parameter system_optimal damping control system with big margin for stability,little number for oscillation,small overshoot and small setting time.

1引言利用优化系统的结构参数，使之输出的动态性能达到最佳程度，传统方法都是在时域或频域中进行，典型的有&ITAE&准则［1］及电子最佳调节理论［2］，基于无量纲时域中的误差状态二次型性能指标的优化方法，是一手种新的最佳参数化方法［3］，可使系统对于输入作用的阻

The sightline control strategy for bad measure precision is developed, and the control methods for vertical direction, approach direction and station keeping are presented.(2)The safe approach velocities are investigated for cuboid, sphere and cone keep out zone.(3)The design method for optimal trajectory under safety constraint is developed. The cone and cuboid keep out zone can be described using line constraint, and then optimal trajectory design can be translated to line programming problem under line constraint.(4) The design strategy of collision avoidance maneuver is discussed, and the collision avoidance scheme is analyzed for V-bar and R-bar approach.The control and trajectory safety in departure phase are investigated.

1提出了测量误差较大时平移靠拢段的视线控制策略，给出了横向、纵向和悬停的控制方法；(2)针对长方体禁区、球形禁区和锥形禁区三种禁区形式，研究了V-bar逼近和任意方向逼近的纵向安全速度计算问题；(3)提出了安全约束下的最优轨迹设计方法，将冲量和有限推力作用下的最优轨迹设计问题转化为线性规划问题，并给出了将锥形和方形安全区域约束转化为标准线性约束的公式；(4)探讨了紧急避撞机动的设计策略，分析了V-bar和R-bar接近的紧急避撞机动方案。

Results The activity, recovery rate of activity and half-life of immobilized SOD were 333 U/g, 86.32% and 43.8 d respectively. After storage at room temperature for 5 d, the relative activity of SOD was still more than 80%. The optimal reaction temperature of immobilized SOD was 45℃, and the activity retentions after being used for the first and second times were 70.12% and 51.72% respectively. Both the optimal pH values for SOD before and after immobilization were 6, while the Km values were 0.16 and 0.18 mmol/L respectively.

结果 固定化超氧化物歧化酶活力为333U/g，酶活回收率为86.32%，半衰期为43.8d；固定化酶室温保存5d后，相对酶活力仍保持在80%以上，最适反应温度为45℃，使用一次后回收率为70.12%，重复使用两次后回收率为51.72%；固定化酶与溶液酶在pH6时活性最强，Km分别为0.18mmol/L和0.16mmol/L。

Based on analysis of the theory and experiment, optimal design ways are suggested. Then the scale-up of pin mill is studied by means of similar theory, which will povide theorecal basis for scale-up of mill from optimal experiment model mill to practice mill.

在理论及实验分析的基础上，提出了销棒粉碎机的设计思路，并采用相似理论对粉碎机的模型放大进行了分析，研究了由优化的实验模型向实体模型放大的方法，为销棒粉碎机的设计提供了理论基础。

In contrast to the ubiquitous rising-sun-with-rays military flag of the Japanese, Chinese banners and ensigns feature a range of designs.

与遍地都是的太阳军旗不同，中国人的旗帜和徽章设计得各式各样。

From their small corner of Feng's Guangzhou headquarters -- a jumble of pink leashes, squeezable rubber steaks, and plastic doggy Santas for Fido's stocking -- Soleil's designers come up with at least five new products a month.

从Feng 设在广州总部的产品展示柜台上可以看到，Soleil的设计师每月至少设计出5件新产品。