查询词典 operation of symmetric difference

It is the first important step in video analysis and will directly affects the effectiveness of indexing Shot boundary detection is one of our major research interests and we will tackle the following existing problems the ambiguity between gradual change and camera motion, the discontinuity during gradual change, false detection caused by illumination variation and flashlight, automatic threshold selection Firstly, we discuss shot boundary detection in non-compressed domain In chapter 2, we compare some of the commonly used detection methods which are based on frame difference and point out that single feature will not generate good results As a conclusion, we use fuzzy logic to combine multiple features Presently, most frame difference based shot boundary detection algorithms rely on threshold and hence the selection of such thresholds will greatly affect the performance of boundary detection We propose a membership function to define frame difference and calculate the membership with self adaptation according to the statistic distribution of frame differences to satisfy different type of video clips Experiments show that the proposed fuzzy shot boundary detection algorithm can be used with different video types and has a high detection precision and recall In chapter 3, we discuss model-based shot boundary detection algorithms regarding chromatic and spatial editing effects such as fade-in, fade-out, dissolve and wipe Various parameters are proposed to better describe the characteristics of each editing type.

镜头边界的检测是把视频自动地分割为一个个镜头，作为基本的索引单元，因此它是视频分析重要的第一步，直接影响到视频检索的成败。镜头边界的检测是本文研究的重点之一。目前镜头边界检测算法主要存在以下问题：渐变与镜头运动难以区别；渐变过程中的不连续与停顿、光照条件的变化及闪光灯等特殊情况会引起误检测；自动选择阈值比较困难等。本文首先针对非压缩域视频进行了镜头边界检测的研究。在第二章中我们采用了比较流行的基于帧间差的方法。在比较各种帧间差计算方法的基础上，指出使用单一的特征难以取得很好的检测效果，提出用模糊逻辑综合使用各种特征。目前大多数基于帧间差的镜头边界检测算法都采用阈值法进行镜头转换的判别。阈值选择的误差对检测性能有较大的影响，本文提出用隶属度函数定义帧间差较大、中等较大和较小等概念，并根据帧间差的统计分布自适应地确定隶属度，以适应不同类型的视频片断。实验结果表明这种基于糊逻辑的镜头边界检测算法可以适应不同的视频，并具有较高的检测精度和检出率。在第三章中采用基于模型的方法进行镜头渐变的检测，研究了淡入／淡出、慢转换和扫换的模型。

The average lengths of polar axis of Ferula and Heracleum are 29.67 and 34.07μm in which there are significant difference by rank-sum test, but the average width of equatorial axis are 17.07 and 15.65μm in which there are no significant difference, furthermore, the L/W are 1.76and 2.19 in which there are significant difference.

阿魏属和独活属植物的极轴平均长度分别为29.67μm和34.07μm，秩和检验表明二者差异显著；赤道轴平均长度17.07μm和15.65μm，差异不显著；极轴长/赤道宽的平均值分别为1.76和2.19，差异显著。

In this study,we focus on the interaction between nuclear modifier gene MTO2 and aminoglycosides,and have received the following innovations.1,We here report first that the knockout of MTO2 significantly inhibited mtDNA p_(454)~R mutant's sensitivity to aminoglycoside antibiotics.Here are the results:(1)In neomycin GYP medium,when mitochondria genes were wild type,whether MTO2 knockout or not,the growth of yeast strains has no significant difference;when mitochondria genes were complete deletion,whether MTO2 knockout or not,the growth of yeast strains also has no significant difference;Interesting,when mtDNA P_(454)~R,wild-type MTO2 strains were hardly survival in neomycin GYP medium,but the growth of MTO2 knockout strains were only partly inhibited,there was a significant difference performance of neomycin sensitivity between them.

具体结果如下：(1)在含有新霉素的葡萄糖培养基上，mtDNA为野生型、MTO2敲除与否，相应的酵母菌株的生长没有显著差异；mtDNA完全缺失、MTO2敲除与否，相应的酵母菌株的生长也没有显著差异；然而，当mtDNA存在P_(454)~R突变时，MTO2野生型菌株几乎完全不能生长，而MTO2敲除菌株的生长只受到部分抑制，表现二者对新霉素的敏感性存在显著差异。

In this paper, based on an optimum difference operator for spatial differential given by Holberg, an optimum difference method of modeling crosswell elastic wavefield is put forward, which adopts the staggered-grid technique and calculates the wavefield at different grid points. When the half length of optimum difference operator is taken as four to six points, the required number of grid points per wavelength equals to three, crosshole elastic wavefield numerical modeling can attain satisfied accuracy.

本文以Holberg提出的一种空间微分的最佳差分算子为基础，采用交错网格技术，提出了一种模拟井间弹性波场的最佳差分法，该方法能在大空间网格点上得到精确的波场值，当最佳差分算子的半长度取4～6个点，每个波长只采3个样点时，井间弹性波场的模拟就可以得到满意的精度，其计算速度比常规有限差分法至少快一个数量级。

The large altitude difference of the hypsography, the fragmental topography, the difference of exposure and the valley cause the difference of the part climate which make the orographic rain , the topography wind and the temperature inversion.

由于地势高差悬殊、地形破碎和坡向、谷向的不同，常引起局部气候差异，多地形雨、地形风和逆温现象，形成不同的小气候。

In this paper, a high order accuracy difference method is presented for solving unsteady convection diffusion equation by using Implicit Perturbation Finite Difference scheme. Firstly, we use the steady convection diffusion equation, the constant coefficients of this equation are expanded to power series of grid-spacings, then the high-order Perturbation Finite Difference scheme is obtained by determining the coefficients of the power series. Put this scheme on unsteady convection diffusion equations and modified it, the IPFD scheme is constructed.

本文利用摄动差分思想，对定常对流扩散方程中的空间微商系数进行摄动展开，展开幂级数系数通过消去摄动格式修正微分方程的截断误差项求出，由此获得方程的隐式摄动差分格式，将此方法应用于非定常对流扩散方程，并加以修正，得到该方程的修正隐式摄动差分格式。

Quantifying similarity/difference between two objects plays an important role in many contexts The quality of the similarity/difference scores can be improved by considering the semantic information related to the features of objects A flexible semantic distance function called X Dist is proposed, which can utilize the semantic information to measure the difference between two objects based on a solution to the transportation problem from linear optimization With a ground distance function for single features being a metric, X Dist is also a metric This property is very useful for making searching efficient, but is not investigated in the previous research Moreover, the experimental results show X Dist can be as good as the previously studied similarity measures in nearest neighbor searching, discriminative power and computing speed

量化对象间相似性/差别的方法具有广泛的用途，利用相关的语义信息能够得到更好的量化结果提出了一个量化对象间语义差别的距离函数XDist，它基于线性优化中的运输问题模型和相关的语义信息量化两个对象之间的差别在量化特征的差别函数是度量的情况下，XDist是一个度量，在提高搜索的效率方面具有优势，弥补了以往研究的不足，而且实验初步表明，此函数在最近邻查询效果、差别分辨力和计算速度方面能与已有函数相媲美1 引言量化对象间相似性/差别的方法具有广泛的用途，例如数据挖掘中的聚类；信息检索中的相似文档查询；协同过滤中的相似用户查询；CBR中的相似案例查询集合是对象特征表示的常用结构，集合的元素是与对象特征相关的项，它们可以

If the minuend is larger than the subtrahend, the difference will be positive; if the minuend is smaller than the subtrahend, the difference will be negative; and if they are equal, the difference will be zero .

如果减数大于减数，差异将是积极的；如果减数小于减数，差额将负面的影响；如果他们是平等的，差额将为零。

Distribute the nonrecognition class difference according to one's performance, the physical labour difference admitting people and the individual consumer's goods coming into being from this are assigned and better-off degree difference.

按劳分配不承认阶级差别，只承认人们的劳动差别及由此产生的个人消费品分配和富裕程度的差别。

Chapter 2, we investigate the existence of multiple positive solutions of the neutral partial difference equations on the base of the existed results of partial difference and difference equations, and obtain some sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple positive solutions.

第二章，基于已有的偏差分方程和差分方程的结果，我们研究了高阶非线性中立型偏差分方程多正解的存在性问题，建立了判断多正解存在的充分条件，对前人的结果进行推广。

Methods Clinical data of 3 cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were analyzed retrospectively.

回顾总结3例LC术中胆管损伤的临床资料，分析3例胆管损伤的原因及对策。

These techniques are applied to the gobang.

本文将这些技术用于五子棋中。