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The study on the phylogenetic relations among these species is very useful for the study on genome and marker-assisted breeding in Brassica species. The karyotypic analysis is one of the most important methods in analysing the phylogenetic relation of species with closer relations. The protocol for inducing high frequency metaphase was established by pretreatment with low temperature and 8hydroxyquinoline, and then the preparation of chromosome and karyotypes analysis of six economical important Brassica species were carried out. According to the karyotypic analysis, it was shown that in the genomes of amphidiploid species, there are genomical components from didiploid species. Our result showed that B. campetris, B. juncea and B. napus belonged to class 2B, while B.

以二倍体B.nigra（B，n=8）基因组为探针，用B.campestris（A，n=10）或B.oleracea（C，n=9）的基因组进行封阻，分别与B.juncea（AB，n=18）和B.carinata（BC，n=17）进行GISH杂交发现，B.juncea和B.carinata基因组中仅有来自于B.nigra的8对染色体表现杂交信号，而其它染色体杂交信号较弱；以B.campestris或B.oleracea基因组为杂交探针与B.napus（AC，n=19）进行GISH杂交发现，所有19对染色体均出现杂交信号，根据杂交结果难以正确判断B.napus基因组中的哪些染色体是来自于A基因组，哪些是来自于C基因组；以rRNA基因（18S-5.8S-26S）为探针的FISH杂交结果表明，B.campestris基因组中rRNA基因位点为6对；B.oleracea为3对；B.nigra为2对；B.carinata为4对；B.juncea为6对；B.napus为6对。

In addition to the two new cyprinid species described in this study, the authors also mention other undescribed fish species in the South Rukuru River, which include at least one other 'Barbus' species, two species of the amphiliid catfish Zaireichthys.

在这项研究过程中，除了所描述的两个新种鲤科鱼之外，作者也提到在南方Rukuru 河还有其他未被描述过的种类，这至少包括另外一种'鲃属的鱼，以及两种Zaireichthys属的amphiliid 鲶鱼。

From our results, we predict steady speciation rates, more species in one-dimensional environments than two-dimensional environments, three scaling regimes of species–area relationships and lognormal distributions of species abundance with an excess of rare species and a tail that may be approximated by Fisher\'s logarithmic series.

这些结果还表明，生物多样性可以在没有具体物理障碍的条件下出现——这种情况与在繁忙车流中所观察到的现象相似：只要有交通，就可能发生交通堵塞，并不需要明显的原因。

Five pairs of 45S rDNA loci and two pairs of 5S rDNA signals were detected on chromosomes of Cucurbita moschata Duch. Luffa cylindrical Roem. contained five pairs of 45S rDNA loci and one pair of 5S rDNA loci. In Benincasa hispida Cogn., two pairs of 45S rDNA sites and one pair of 5S rDNA site were detected. In this species, 5S rDNA and one pair of the 45S loci were collocated closely in chromosome 7S. 45S rDNA chromosomal distribution patterns were highly conserved among the three species, althoufh their number varied markedly. The 5S rDNA sites on chromosomes among the three species were highly polymorphic.

南瓜有5对45S rDNA位点， 2对5S rDNA位点；丝瓜具有5对45S rDNA位点， 1对5S rDNA位点；冬瓜具有2对45S rDNA位点， 1对5S rDNA位点， 5S rDNA位点与其中一对45S rDNA位点都位于7号染色体短臂上，并在物理位置上紧密相邻。45S rDNA在这3种作物染色体上数目变化较大，但在染色体上都倾向分布在短臂末端，其分布模式较为一致。5S rDNA在这3种作物染色体上数目相对保守，但在染色体上分布的位置变化较大。

Capitata. The detecting probes included one family probe, one genus probe, three related species probes and four species specific-probes, and the quality-control probes included anchor probe, positive probe, negative probe and blank probe, with one for each. The results of gene chip showed that the specificity of detecting probes was specific to distinguish the three Ceratitis fruit flies.

地中海实蝇及其近缘种检测芯片由检测探针（实蝇科通用探针1条，小条实蝇属通用探针1条，地中海实蝇、芒果小条实蝇和纳塔尔小条实蝇近缘种探针2条和种特异探针4条）、质控探针（定位点探针、阳性质控、阴性质控和空白对照探针各1条）组成。

The results showed:①the communities that stipa baicalensis is edificator had the highest species diversity, and the idea that stipa baicalensis communities were the local zone vegetation was supported;②the majority of studied communities were unsaturated in the species diversity, and the species diversity had a tendency to increate with the improvement of soil environment;③the relation of species diversity to community productivity was a one-humped function, that is, the species diversity of mediation productivity was highest;④the species diversity under intermediate disturbance was highest, and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis was supported;⑤the content of potassium in soil had probably an important function, or was an important following factor in the types of grassland community;⑥a new hypothesis on the forming mechanism of species diversity of community, Small Scale Competition and Random-Patch Dynamic Hypothesis, was put forward boldly.

通过上述研究分析得出如下结果：①以贝加尔针茅为建群种的群落物种多样性最高，从物种多样性角度证明该群落类型最适应本区气候和环境条件，应是本区的地带性群落；②绝大多数群落的物种多样性处于未饱和状态，随土壤环境的改善呈明显的增加趋势；③物种多样性与群落生产力呈单峰函数关系，即在中等生产力水平时物种多样性最高；④放牧中等干扰水平物种多样性最高，支持Connell的中度干扰学说；⑤偶然发现土壤钾含量可能在草地植被类型分化中起到重要作用，至少是一个重要的伴随因子；⑥大胆提出了群落物种多样性构成机制的新学说即小尺度竞争随机斑块动态学说。

Topological structure of the molecular phylogenetic tree, constructed by 16S rRNA gene with Neighbor-Joining method, revealed that all species of Helice from Sesarmidae and two species of Hemigrapsus from Varunidae were clustered into one branch, two species of Sesarma from Sesarmidae were clustered into another one, Grapsus albolineatus from Grapsidae and Plagusia tuberculata from Plagusiidae were formed one absolute branch respectively. The molecular analysis showed that the genus Helice indeed must be considered to be Varunidae, because it formed a monophyletic group with the genus Hemigrapsus yet not the Sesarmidae.

而采用NJ法构建的系统进化树的拓扑结构也显示，所有的厚蟹与属于弓蟹科的肉球近方蟹和绒螯近方蟹聚为一支；属于相手蟹科的2种相手蟹聚为一支；属于方蟹科的白纹方蟹和属于斜纹蟹科的瘤突斜纹蟹又各自成为一支。

The genetic divergence and phylogeny of 23 species Passerine oscines were assessed by mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons in this study using 23 species(20 species from this study and 3 species download from GeneBank) from 7 songbirds families and one outgroup representative.

雀形目是鸟类中最大的类群，也是分布最广和最常见的类群。其中大多数种类在消灭农林害虫、维持自然界生态平衡中有重要贡献。因此，对其进行研究对认识和保护鸟类具有重要意义。

Tilia amurensis,one of the mainly associated tree species in natural broad-leavedKorean pine mixtures and broad-leaved species mixtures of Changbai and small Xinganmountain area,is one of the important broad-leaved species for timber production.

紫椴是长白山和小兴安岭山脉阔叶—红松混交林及阔叶混交林的主要伴生树种之一，也是东北林区重要的阔叶用材树种之一。

Therefore as one attunes inward and into one's heart, one will access holographic knowledge of the human species or any other species upon earth, or the earth mother at large, or solar father.

因此当你向内调谐并进入你的心，你将访问人类物种或地球上任一物种的全息知识，或地球母亲，或太阳父亲。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。