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Collins formula, which describes the diffraction of light wave passed through a near-axis optical system, and its inverse calculation expression are presented in this paper. The object plane and charge coupled device detector plane which are used in the study of digital holographic detect, are treated as the input and output planes of an ABCD system.

给出描述光波通过傍轴光学系统衍射的柯林斯公式及其逆运算表达式，然后将数字全息检测研究中的物平面及CCD探测平面视为ABCD系统的输入平面及输出平面，提出通过柯林斯公式的逆运算进行波面重构的一种计算方法。

Am1 integer-output 8x8 inverse discrete cosine transform.

执行整数输出8x8反向离散余弦变换精度。

The layered video decoding system comprises a base layer decoder for receiving and decoding a base layer video stream; and an enhancement layer decoder for receiving an enhancement layer video stream and the decoded base layer stream, and generating a decoded enhanced video output, wherein the enhancement layer decoder includes: a plurality of inverse discrete cosine transform /IDCT modules; and a selection system for selecting one of the IDCT modules.

分层视频译码系统包括：基本层译码器，用于接收和译码基本层视频流；和增强层译码器，用于接收增强层视频流和所译码的基本层流，并生成译码的增强的视频输出，其中该增强层译码器包括：多个反离散余弦变换模块；和用于选择其中一个IDCT模块的选择系统。

By using a concept of adaptive expected output and modern control theory,a dynamic adaptive Cournot model, which the inverse demand curve function is nonlinear in the market,is established.

本文通过引入自适应期望产量的概念，利用现代控制工程理论建立了市场非线性反需求函数下的自适应动态古诺模型。

The article mainly analyzes how innovation affects the social welfare and makes some conclusions as follows: firstly, influences on the price and output of products of innovation by oneself are uncertain, but innovation can enhance social welfare when it reduces the product price or raises the price but diminishes the elasticity of inverse demand curve.

本文重点分析了企业创新对社会福利的影响，得出的主要结论如下：（1）独立创新对产品价格和产量的影响是不确定的，但当创新使产品价格下降或者创新使产品价格上升且使反需求曲线的弹性变小时，独立创新能够增加社会福利；（2）联合创新能够降低每个企业的成本，增加企业的研发开支、产量和利润，因而联合创新有利于社会福利；（3）在考虑了创新的溢出效应后，存在一个外溢比率的帕累托最优区间，但我们必须在创新激励与社会福利之间做出权衡。

When converting a CAM motion (X,Y,Z tool tip part position and I,J,K tool axis vector) to the NC tape (e.g.: X,Y,Z machine linear axes position and A,B rotary heads) the application of inverse kinematics makes the output curve completely different from one generated by the CAM system.

当将一个凸轮运动（X、 Y，Z 工具顶端部份位置和我、 J，K 工具轴矢量）转换成收据控制以带子绑起（举例来说： X 、 Y ， Z 机器线性轴位置和 A，B 旋转的头）倒转运动学的申请的时候让输出曲线完全不同一被凸轮系统产生。

As there are many factors, which are difficult to be considered in the model, affact the hitting action we used the method of Gaussian Kernel learning to calculate the inverse mapping and correct the speed vector of the hitting ball for this multi-input and multi-output system.

考虑到有很多难以模型化的因素影响击球，对于该多输入多输出系统，提出了利用Gaussian Kernel学习的方法，根据刺激-反应间的映像关系，修正打击后球的速度矢量。

In feedforward control, the hysteresis nonlinearity of the piezoceramic actuator is modeled using the Preisach model and a neural network architecture using input-output data mapping as the inverse function of Preisach model is utilized.

前向补偿控制器设计方面，先以布列谢希之数学模式来模式化压电陶瓷的磁滞特性，再由实测值求得模式内之参数值，并应用类神经网路结构取代Preisach数学模式的反涵数以作为前向控制器之用。

The relationship between the inverse number density of particle of the laser transition levels and the discharge condition such as the discharge current, the He pressure and the temperature of Cd-reservior has been achieved. The discharge condition for obtaining maximum laser output was theoretically achieved.

分析了441.6nm谱线的激发机理及各种粒子的相互作用过程，导出了441.6nm谱线跃迁能级激励的理论模型及其粒子数密度速率方程，得到了粒子反转数密度与放电电流、氦气压强和镉炉温度等放电条件的关系，从理论上，定量得出了获得最大输出功率时的放电条件。

Inverse M-matrices often occur in relation to systems of linear or non-linear equations or eigenvalues problems in a wide variety of areas including finite difference methods for partial differential equations, input-output production and growth model in economics, iterative methods in numerical analysis, and Markov processes in probability and statistics.

其中包括偏微分方程的有限差分法、经济中的投入产出和增长模型、数值分析中的迭代法以及概率论和数理统计中的马尔可夫过程。

The production moved off-Broadway to New York City, where she won the Joseph E. Calloway award for her performance, and was profiled in American Theater Magazine as one of ten young theater artists to watch.

生产提出过百老汇的新的纽约市，在那里她赢得了约瑟夫calloway奖，她的表现，并于异型在美国的战区杂志之一， 10战区的青年艺术家观赏。

It's a risk tradeoff, and I believe that adding test support code usually wins.

这是一个风险的权衡，我相信添加测试代码通常会占上风。