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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

The main products are paper dictionary, the Bible, paper, light paper, pure paper, from paper-based, water Songyuan paper, high-grade paper-specific instructions, PS version of Backing Paper, non-carbon replication base, all wood pulp .2003 paper and so on February 18 years in the United States listed on the Nasdaq stock market success.

主要产品有字典纸，圣经纸，轻型纸，纯质纸，离型原纸，水松原纸，高档说明书专用纸，PS版衬纸，无碳复写原纸，全木浆纸等等。2003年2月18日公司在美国纳斯达克证券市场成功上市。

Shenzhen crown passes the boxboard plant is the specialized production: The corrugated paper box, K=K, A=A, B=B, K3K, A3A, B3B, the paper box, the wooden crate, the wooden box, the honeycomb box, the honeycomb paper box, the paper protect the angle, the paper contour plate, the waterproof paper box, soaks the sacrificial paper box, spreads the sacrificial paper box, the closet, unfolds the frame, unfolds the cabinet, an exhibition box, unfolds the box, the bookshelf, the paper bookshelf, the corrugated paper closet, an exhibition cabinet, pulls out the chest of drawers, the drawer box, K three K, A three A, B three B, three paper boxes, five paper boxes, seven paper boxes, the white box, the white box, the single pit paper carton, the world copes, turnover box, outside wrapping paper box, paper carton, paper bag, handbag, handbag, the color box, the color box, the picture album, the instruction booklet, the color page, the beer box, the pit box, the card box, the card box, the MP3 color box, the hand engine box, the hand play the part of paper class packing and so on box, liquor box, tea box.

深圳市冠通纸箱厂是专业生产：瓦楞纸箱、K＝K纸箱、A＝A纸箱、B＝B纸箱、K3K纸箱，A3A纸箱，B3B纸箱，木箱、木盒、蜂窝纸箱、纸护角、纸卡板、防水纸箱，浸蜡纸箱，涂蜡纸箱，衣柜，展架，展柜，展架盒，展盒，书架，纸书架，瓦楞纸衣柜，展架柜，抽屉柜，抽屉盒，K三K纸箱，A三A纸箱，B三B纸箱，三层纸箱、五层纸箱、七层纸箱、白盒纸箱，白纸箱，单坑纸盒，天地盖箱，周转箱，外包装纸箱，纸盒、纸袋、手提袋，手袋，彩盒、彩箱，画册、线圈本、充皮笔记本、彩页、啤盒、坑盒、卡盒、咭盒、MP3彩盒、手机盒、手饰盒、酒盒、茶叶盒等纸类包装。

This paper presents an IFMC CAD model that consits of a geometry model and a material model, in which the geometry space acts as a base space and the material space acts as a bundle space. In this CAD model, the geometry model is based on the non-manifold model. In addition, a half-face data sturucture, which is derived from the half-edge data structure with the non-manifold feature of IFMC taken into account, is adopted to represent the geometry and topology information of the component. For the material model of IFMC, this paper focuses on the FGM component representation firstly and present a simplex-subdivision based CAD data exchange format, in which the material information is represented as a (n-1) simplex and material distributing feature is represented by the interpolation on the simplex-subdivision. Based on those, a part-building orientation optimization algorithm and an adaptive slicing algorithm for FGM component are presented in the paper. For the IFMC material model, the IFMC material information representation is divided into a meso-scale and a macro-scale representation. In the meso-scale, a concept named parameterized periodic functional meso-structure is presented as a unique form to represent the FGM (the homogeneous materials are regarded as a special FGM), the composite and the functional meso-structure material. The model of PMS is a three-tuple that contains the space state informatation, the material parameter and the material meso-scale distribution feature. The macro-scale material information representation is similar to the FGM components by interpolation of the control parameter of the periodical functional meso-structure based on the simplex-subdivision. Through an example of manufacturing-oriented IFMC CAD data processing, it is proved that the IFMC CAD model and the material information representation and process method proposed in this paper can provide a reliable data support for IFMC digital concurrent design and manufacturing.

本文将理想材料零件CAD模型建立在以几何空间为底空间、以材料空间为丛空间的结构上，使用非流形几何模型作为理想材料零件几何拓扑模型的基础，并在半边数据结构基础上，针对理想材料零件的非流形特征局限内部边界上的特点，给出了一个半面数据结构来表述零件的几何拓扑信息；对于理想材料零件的材料模型，本文先从功能梯度材料零件的信息表述与CAD数据交换和处理入手，将材料信息表述为（n-1）维单纯形，然后通过对三维几何区域的单纯剖分，以插值的方式表述零件材料分布特征；在此基础上，根据功能梯度材料零件分层制造中对CAD数据处理的要求，给出了综合考虑零件几何特征与材料特征的生长方向优化算法和自适应切片算法；而对于文中所定义的理想材料零件，本文将其材料信息表述分解到细观和宏观两个尺度进行，首先给出了细观尺度上参数化的周期性功能细结构概念，以此来统一表述功能梯度材料（单质材料作为特殊的功能梯度材料看待）、复合材料和功能细结构材料；把周期性功能细结构模型化为一个包含空间状态信息、材料构成参数和材料细观分布特征参数的三元组，以表达零件的细观材料特征；对于零件宏观的材料变化特征，则同样在几何区域单纯剖分的基础上，通过对细观尺度上周期性功能细结构控制参数的插值来完成；通过理想材料零件CAD数据处理的算例，验证了本文中理想材料零件CAD模型及材料信息表述与处理方法完全可以为理想材料零件的数字化制造提供可靠的数据支持。

Our company specializes in production and management: Domestic imports Diphosgene kraft paper, kraft paper Lamination,¤kraft paper, paper printing paper, packaging paper, refined kraft wrapping paper, cardboard cow, single-ray paper, writing paper, insulation paper, single, double face copy paper, single-, double-sided copper plate paper, paper×whiteboard, whiteboard white paper, newsprint, domestic / import two-sided offset paper, tissue paper and BOPP films, all types of Asian film industry and special packaging paper paper, office paper and paper products, varieties of a total of more than 1800 kinds, involving industry has glass, toys, plants, garment factories, shoe factories, printing, paper packaging plant, Adhesive Products Factory,§, food Factory, optical instrument factory, leather factory, line Manufacturer, PCB Circuit Manufacturer, Lamination Plant, a large electronics factory, electroplating plants and so on.

本公司专业生产和经营：国产进口双光牛皮纸、压合牛皮纸、淋膜牛皮纸、票据打印纸，包装牛皮纸，精制牛皮包装纸、牛卡纸、单光纸、书写纸、绝缘纸、单、双面拷贝纸、单、双面铜板纸、灰底白板纸、白底白板纸、新闻纸、国产/进口双胶纸、棉纸、及BOPP光膜，亚膜等各类工业用纸及特殊包装用纸，办公用纸和食品用纸，品种共1800多种，涉及行业有玻璃厂、玩具厂、制衣厂、鞋厂、印刷厂、纸品包装厂、胶粘制品厂、铝材厂、食品厂，光学仪器厂、皮具厂、线路板厂、PCB电路板厂、覆铜板厂、大型电子厂、电镀厂等。

On a consultation held in our printing-office among his friends, what he should do in this conjuncture, it was proposed to elude the order by changing the name of the paper; but my brother, seeing inconveniences in this, came to a conclusion, as a better way, to let the paper in future be printed in the name of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN; and in order to avoid the censure of the Assembly, that might fall on him as still printing it by his apprentice, he contrived and consented that my old indenture should be returned to me, with a discharge on the back of it, to show in case of necessity; On a consultation held in our printing-office among his friends, what he should do in this conjuncture, it was proposed to elude the order by changing the name of the paper; but my brother, seeing inconveniences in this, came to a conclusion, as a better way, to let the paper in future be printed in the name of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN; and in order to avoid the censure of the Assembly, that might fall on him as still printing it by his apprentice, he contrived and consented that my old indenture should be returned to me, with a discharge on the back of it, to show in case of necessity; and, in order to secure to him the benefit of my service, I should sign new indentures for the remainder of my time, which was to be kept private.

他的许多朋友，在印刷所中开会讨论，这件案子该怎样办。有人建议改变名称来规避这个命令；但是我的哥哥认为这个方法不大合适，最后决定一种较好的办法，让未来的这张报刊发行时用拜雅明富兰克林的名字；但是为避免议会的责罚，如果仍旧以他的学徒刊行还是不行，最好办法是暗地里把旧合约给我，合约的后面注明作废，这样一旦有事就可以给人家看了。他的许多朋友，在印刷所中开会讨论，这件案子该怎样办。有人建议改变名称来规避这个命令；但是我的哥哥认为这个方法不大合适，最后决定一种较好的办法，让未来的这张报刊发行时用拜雅明富兰克林的名字；但是为避免议会的责罚，如果仍旧以他的学徒刊行还是不行，最好办法是暗地里把旧合约给我，合约的后面注明作废，这样一旦有事就可以给人家看了。但是为保护我为他工作的利益，剩下的年限我再签一张新合约，这是私自保存的。这是一个下等的计策；但不论怎样，这个计策立即执行了，而这份报依此刊行，用我的名字已有几个月了。

It can identify the denomination and paper currency and seek out deformity. Concerning shortages of the previsions design of Paper Currency Identification Instrument, such as poor seeking-out deformity and defective unity of paper currency between new version and old one, a new identifying method is promoted in the thesis that Eight-line Seeking-points Method based on regional gray scale and paper currency sample database is on service by means of the points from paper-scanned background edge looking for the points on the paper edge.

本文针对当前国内图像识别技术在纸币清分机中的应用不成熟而导致对人民币挑残能力弱、在人民币新旧程度和面向分类中的一致性差的情况，提出了一种基于区域灰度特征提取的八线找点算法和区间估计建立标准样本库相结合的图像识别方法。

That is, the business card printing and membership card making thousands of pieces of paper, in particular domestic uncoated paper or book paper occurs paper wool, paper powder in the rubber roller, imprinted on the edge of the paper and paper Mao superdirective (direction to bite or to drag-and-shoot direction), the not equal to the linear speed of the roller, only in the cylinder lining after business card printing and membership card when, in the rubber roller paper coated maoba non-directional well, then this data is only lining is the best, that is, until you reach the drum running as business card printing and membership card making ink plates and blankets, as well as on the status of the delivery is the best.

即制卡和会员卡制作几千张纸(出格是舶来胶版纸或书刊纸)后不离会不入现纸毛、纸粉粘在橡皮滚筒上，若痕迹边际的纸粉、纸毛有不圆向性(向咬口不圆向或向拖梢不圆向)，则表明不有到达滚筒线速度不不等，只有在滚筒包衬后制卡和会员卡制作时，在橡皮滚筒上纸粉纸毛堆得不有有不圆向性，那么这栽包衬数据才是最恶的，亦即滚筒调动到了运转最恶环境，制卡和会员卡制作历程洋油不朱在印版、橡皮布以及纸张上的传达是最恶的环境。

Mainly due to the paper in the manufacturing process in the business card printing and membership card production processes may occur in the anti-dropping paper, shedding and accumulate in blanket above, affect the imprinted ink dot, left the correct delivery, paper above paper and paper powder will pass the rubberand, block drum, passes through the rollers are passed to the monlchamus sluicing inside, thus affecting the transport of monlchamus road, experience the paper off powder serious paper business card printing and membership card at the end of production of monlchamus tuhung riverbeds are gray, paper wool, paper powder, at which point inking at, imprinted inks are printed on your mind, and the cultiuation of 1 000 in the white paper in the blanket on adhension, you need to wipe down blanket.

次给是由于纸弛在创作发明工艺方背的来因，在制卡和会员卡制作历程洋不定会表现纸弛脱粉掉不净，并且积聚在橡皮布上背，感化痕迹不朱色的网点、图不白侧确传达，纸弛上背的纸灰、纸粉不离会堵住橡皮、印版滚筒，不纬过不朱辊传达到不朱斗槽边背去，从而感化不朱路的传输，碰到纸弛掉粉惨轻的纸弛，制卡和会员卡制作到最后不朱斗边全是纸灰、纸不净、纸粉，此时不朱量闭到最不小，痕迹不朱色也显得醲郁露底，印上1000弛纸弛白花花黏附在橡皮布上，不离必给擦洗橡皮布。

The main paper laodelphax in the manufacture of petroleum paper processes in the business card printing and membership card production processes may occur in the anti-dropping paper, shedding and accumulate in blanket above, affect the imprinted ink dot, left the correct delivery, paper above paper and paper powder will pass the rubberand, block drum, after roller scurrying to sluicing inside, thus affecting the transport of monlchamus road, experience the paper off powder serious paper business card printing and membership card at the end of production of monlchamus tuhung riverbeds are gray, paper wool, paper powder, at which point inking at, imprinted inks are printed on your mind, and the cultiuation of 1 000 in the white paper in the blanket on adhension, you need to wipe down blanket.

纸灰次给火油纸弛在创作发明工艺方背的来因，在制卡和会员卡制作历程洋不定会表现纸弛脱粉掉不净，并且积聚在橡皮布上背，感化痕迹不朱色的网点、图不白侧确传达，纸弛上背的纸灰、纸粉不离会堵住橡皮、印版滚筒，不纬过不朱辊窜的到不朱斗槽边背去，从而感化不朱路的传输，碰到纸弛掉粉惨轻的纸弛，制卡和会员卡制作到最后不朱斗边全是纸灰、纸不净、纸粉，此时不朱量闭到最不小，痕迹不朱色也显得醲郁露底，印上1000弛纸弛白花花黏附在橡皮布上，不离必给擦洗橡皮布。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。