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In this paper, the waved-edge force model is deduced on the basis of straight edge force model by use of the curve integral principle. This method is suited to the case for the complex 3-D grooves of random curve edge.

在直线刃铣刀片模型的基础上，利用曲线积分原理，建立了波形刃铣刀片铣削力数学模型，该方法可适用于任意曲线刃的三维复杂槽型的情况。

It modified some terms of the initial formula, which made the snake model not only precisely extract the edge of the protruding object in images but also approach to the concave part of the edge. It introduced exterior sanction energy, which could adaptively change its value to enlarge suction, so that control points could quickly constringe to the real contour without relying on the initial contour. Combined with pattern matching, this new method could increase the precision of transferring the result of edge extraction from one slice to another.

通过调整原始公式的一些参数使得该模型不但能精确地提取图像中的凸形物体的边缘，而且能够接近边缘的凹陷处；引入自适应改变大小的外部约束能量来增大外能的吸引范围，使控制点能够不依赖于初始轮廓而快速地收敛到目标的真实轮廓；结合匹配技术，提高边缘提取结果层间传递的精度。

In image processing, method as follows will be introduced in this paper: a method combining image threshold iterative segmentation with threshold interpolation, edge detection operator Sobel and LoG, edge linking method using delation operator based on mathematical morphology, using boundary tracking and projection method in edge distill process. Through this method, measurement of wheelset will be met precision demand.

本文阐明了图像的分通道自动采集过程，以及对采集到的原始图像进行预处理过程，达到图像去噪声的目标，本课题采用了阈值分割中迭代阈值和阈值插值相结合的方法，Sobel算子、LoG算子边缘检测算法，基于数学形态学的膨胀运算子进行边缘断点连接以及目标提取中的投影法和边缘跟踪方法，使得提取轮对图像边缘达到测量精度的要求。

Based on the fundamental principles of the improved method mentioned above, multi-functional computation software package, which can be used to analyze effectively the interference effects of random flaws in plane problem, boundary problem and space problem, is compiled and a number of problems involved in the interference effects of different kinds of flaws such as random equal length through-cracks, random branched throughcracks, random unequal length through-cracks, random holes to through-cracks, unequal length edge cracks, equal length and distance multiple edge cracks, random notches with different aspect ratio, random notch to edge crack, non-coplanar surface cracks with different aspect ratio, staggered surface cracks, surface crack to embedded crack and embedded cracks near free boundary are analyzed and computed by the package.

依据上述改进法的基本原理，本文编制了能有效地分析平面问题，边界问题及空间问题的任意缺陷群相互干涉效应的多功能计算软件包。据此，本文分析计算了各类缺陷群。诸如，任意等长裂纹群。任意折裂纹群；任意不等长裂纹群，任意孔与裂纹群，不等长边裂纹群。等长等间距多裂纹群，任意形状比缺口群，任意缺口与边裂纹，非共面不同形状比表面裂纹群，交错型表面裂纹群，表面裂纹与埋藏裂纹群及自由边界附近埋藏裂纹群等的相互干涉效应问题。

Every salient edge point in an edge end would grow forward based on the edge structures in its neighborhood.

该算法是边缘检测的后续处理，适合于多种应用目的，同时还可以嵌入到其它利用边缘信息的分割算法中。

In the region upstream of vortex breakdown, the sectional streamlines emanating from the leading edge spiral inward to primary vortex and in the region downstream of the breakdown, on the other hand, the streamlines separating from the leading edge are not entrained into the vortex core in the instantaneous sense. Along the axis, the topology of the primary vortex alters several times starting from stable focus near the apex to unstable focus, and lasts back to stable focus near wake edge, the stable hmit cycle and unstable limit cycle are shown in this evolution.

发现在截面流线谱中，即使奇点的类型、数目及位置相同，奇点的连接方式也有可能不同；旋涡破裂点前，主涡由来自前缘的力线卷绕而成，主涡焦点与前缘半鞍点相连，旋涡破裂后，来自前缘的力线不再卷入主涡，主涡焦点与对称面上的鞍点相连：在流体由翼尖流向后缘的过程中，截面流线谱的拓扑结构发生了多次变化，主涡焦点相继由稳定状态转变为不稳定状态，最后又转化为稳定状态，并先后出现了稳定的极限环及不稳定极限环。

Although its program project approving already considered investment source is little, raise money the element such as funds difficulty, but the phasic need that builds development by force of rural base again, eager for quick success and instant benefit, disregard technical standard, violate the order of nature, item of achievement in one's post is made on problem of project project approving, apply to project technology index " administrative give the final decision ", to the project investment amount is pressed crowdedly, forcedly by force, or execute construction of edge design, edge, edge to prepare funds " 3 edges " project, lack economy of due project project technology to analyse.

其规划立项虽已考虑到投资来源少、筹措经费困难等因素，但是又迫于农村基础建设发展的形势需要，急功近利、不顾技术规范、违反自然规律，在工程立项问题上搞政绩项目，对项目技术指标施行&行政拍板&，对项目投资总额强挤、硬压，或实行边设计、边施工、边筹经费的&三边&工程，缺乏应有的工程项目技术经济分析。

The anchor anchoring depths could be regard as critical value for concrete edge failure and anchor failure. When the anchor edge distance was shorter than anchor anchoring depth, the failure mode was concrete edge failure and anchor space length had some influence on cracking load. When anchor space length was longer than anchor anchoring depth, the failure mode was anchor failure.

锚栓的锚固深度可以认为是混凝土边缘破坏以及锚栓破坏的临界边距，对于锚栓边距较小的情况，以混凝土边缘破坏时的承载力为标准，锚栓间距对于试验的开裂荷载有影响；对于锚栓边距较大的情况，以锚栓的破坏为标准。

It is mainly engaged in manufacturing the glass handicraft and tailoring the plate glass, cutting waterproof silver mirror, polishing edge glass, the bevel edge glass, the round edge glass, the irregular glass, the hot melt glass, the emboss glass, the ice calving glass, the ice-spalled glass, the sandwich glass, the hollow glass, the flameproof glass, the bulletproof glass, the frosted glass, the hot belt glass, the tempered glass, the artistic carving and so on, as well as special glass deep-processing.

主要从事玻璃工艺品制作及平板玻璃、防水银镜的切割，精磨直边、斜边、圆边、花样异形、热熔、浮雕、冰裂、冰花、夹胶、中空、防火、防弹、喷砂、热弯、钢化、艺术雕刻等，以及特种玻璃的深加工。

Based on the relevant movement between hard shaper cutter and grinding wheel, the movements of grinding wheel are studied. The shaping grinding point and the shaping grinding edge are made up with. In order to easily compare when shaping errors and cutting edge"s angles are the most excellent, uniform expressions for convex curved rake face of hard shaping cutter and spatial cutting edge curve are separately developed. The distributions of new profiling cutter"s shaping errors and cutting edges angles are analyzed. The relevant grinding wheel and cam are designed. Due to this paper, a new profiling hard shaping cutter has been manufactured successfully. At last experiments are made to test the performance of hard shaping cutter and all kinds of precision of hard gear.

本文直接从插齿刀与砂轮之间的相对运动关系出发，单独研究砂轮的运动，提出砂轮成形磨削点和砂轮成形磨削刃的概念；分别建立圆柱砂轮和圆锥砂轮磨削后硬齿面插齿刀的波形前刀面方程及空间切削刃方程；为便于比较何种情况下插齿刀的构形误差和切削角度能同时达到最优，分别对磨削五种不同硬齿面插齿刀所用的砂轮进行了廓形设计，并分析了插齿刀的构形误差和侧切削刃切削角度的分布规律；为插齿刀波形前刀面的磨削加工设计了相应的凸轮，用所设计的凸轮和近似的砂轮成功地制造出新构形法硬齿面插齿刀；最后进行插齿加工试验，检验新构形法硬齿面插齿刀的抗崩刃能力、耐磨性及被加工硬齿面齿轮的各项精度。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。