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When scope economies increase further to some point, supply chain cluster will be observed and the market prices in the case of supply chain cluster will be less than those in the case of independently self-making, and this result can be used to explain the widely observed phenomenon of the China price.

而当范围经济进一步增大超过另一个临界值时，不但供应链聚集会出现，而且供应链聚集下的产品市场价格要低于它们各自被独立生产时的产品市场价格，这又可以对&中国价格&的形成做出解释。

But when his group stratified the cohort by mutation status, they observed differences in risk reduction."These results also generate the hypothesis that the protection conferred by risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy against specific cancers may differ between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations," Dr. Kauff told attendees."We found that it is highly protective against BRCA -associated gynecologic cancer in both 1- and 2-mutation carriers." And in breast cancer, his team observed a protective effect in BCRA 2 mutations.

当他的团队统计研究对象的突变状态时，他们观察到风险降低的差异性；Kauff医师向与会听众表示，这些结果也产生了藉由风险降低的输卵管卵巢成形术，对特定癌症所提供的保护效果或许会因BRCA1和BRCA2载体突变而有差异的假设；我们发现对这两种载体突变可以高度有效地对抗BRCA有关的妇科癌症；至于乳癌，他的团队观察到在BCRA2突变有保护效果。

But when his group stratified the cohort by mutation status, they observed differences in risk reduction."These results also generate the hypothesis that the protection conferred by risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy against specific cancers may differ between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations," Dr. Kauff told attendees."We found that it is highly protective against BRCA -associated gynecologic cancer in both 1- and 2-mutation carriers." And in breast cancer, his team observed a protective effect in BCRA 2 mutations.

当他的团队统计研究对象的突变状态时，他们观察到风险降低的差异性；Kauff医师向与会听众表示，这些结果也产生了藉由风险降低的输卵管卵巢成形术，对特定癌症所提供的保护效果或许会因BRCA1和BRCA2载体突变而有差异的假设；我们发现对这两种载体突变可以高度有效地对抗BRCA有关的妇科癌症；至於乳癌，他的团队观察到在BCRA2突变有保护效果。

At the same time, gene interaction was observed in some of characters, transgressive segregation gene interaction was observed in polygenes controlling length of axial root and thickness of root base （ 1cm）, complementary gene interaction was significantly detected in nodule number of lateral root and dry weight of lateral root and nodule number of lateral root, but not detected or significant in the others.

控制主根长性状的多基因间存在互作，互作方式为重叠作用；控制主根粗（3cm）性状的基因间也存在一定的重叠作用，但是作用不明显；控制其他性状的基因都存在互作，表现为互补作用，但互补作用的强弱有差异。

Using the relative reflection as weighting factor, the weighted mean of the surface albedo over Dunhuang Gobi in typical arid region is calculated and its values are 0.255 ± 0.021. After canceling the interference of the buildings, the mean values of the roughness length averaged with logarithm is 0.0019 ± 0.00071 m. After removing the influence of the oasis, the soil wetness factor computed with data under condition of no precipitation is 0.0045. After removing the influence of the precipitation .the mean values of the soil heat capacity over Dunhuang Gobi in typical ac-id region is 112 × 10 ~6 m~(-3)K~(-1), a bit smaller than the values observed i n HEIFE. But the soil heat diffusivity and conductivity are about one of those observed in HEIFE. The soil water content over Dunhuang Gobi in typical synoptic condition is very little and does not exceed 1% basically.

并且利用相对反射为权重加权平均，计算得到典型干旱区敦煌荒漠戈壁的平均反射率为0.255±0.021；剔除建筑物干扰后，利用对数平均法计算的粗糙度长度平均值为0，0019±0.00071 m；剔除绿洲影响后，用无降水影响的资料确定出土壤湿度影响因子为0.0045；剔除降水影响后，用观测资料计算的敦煌典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的热容量平均值为1.12×10~6m~（－3）K~（－1），比&黑河试验&在戈壁和在其它沙漠观测的有关值略小一些，但热扩散率和热传导率都比&黑河试验&在戈壁观测的值小一倍左右；观测的敦煌戈壁典型天气条件下的土壤含水量非常小，基本上不超过1％。

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty 30 healthy Sprague- Dawley adult male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, alcohol 7.5 g/kg and alcohol 7.5 g/kg ＋ vitamin A 50 μ g/kg. Alcohol and vitamin A were administrated to the rats for 13 weeks by a gastric tube. The sperm counting ,motility and the percentage of abnormal sperm were observed. Serum testosterone was determined. The patholgical changes of testicle tissue of rats were observed by light and electron microscopy.

材料与方法： 30只健康雄性成年 SD 大鼠随机分为对照组、酒精组、酒精＋ VA 组，各组每日分别灌胃给予酒精0、7.5 g/kg 、酒精7.5 g/kg ＋ VA 50 μ g/kg ，连续13周后对各组大鼠的精子计数、精子活动率、精子畸形率、血清睾酮(Serum testosterone，T )进行检测，光、电镜观察睾丸生精上皮的组织学改变。

During the study, an unreported Pd-catalyzed cross coupling substitution reaction was observed, and the relative theoretic discussion was made. The mesmorphic properties of all these compounds were observed and measured by polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimeters.

论文通过钯催化偶联反应合成了十一个系列74个全新的环己基炔类液晶化合物，利用元素分析、气相色谱、液相色谱等方法分析了化合物的纯度，利用红外光谱、核磁共振和质谱等分析手段对化合物的结构进行了鉴定。

Firstly, observed the meaning of shibi culture from the view of minority intangible culture heritage anew. Secondly, researched and recorded the history and actuality of shibi and shibi culture transmission by oral historiography. This data prepare the base of shibi and shibi culture studying. Thirdly, researched and studied the shibi sutra and picture sutra of shibi using frame of reference of ethnonymics, ethnology and linguistics, opened out the inbeing of shibi culture. Fourthly, based on the characteristic of religion system, I observed the conception of deities and ghosts of Ch'iang people anew. Fifthly, researched and studied the folk religion ceremonials for sacrificing offerings to god and deities, and unscrambled the multi-meaning of shibi culture.

论文的创新之处主要体现在五个方面：第一，从非物质文化遗产的角度，重新审视羌族释比与释比文化的价值；第二，运用口述史学的方法最大限度地还原并重构羌族释比传承、释比文化传承的历史、释比文化的内涵、释比文化的现状等，为释比文化的研究奠定了基础；第三，运用民族学、文化人类学、语言学等方法，对释比唱经、释比图经《刷勒日》等进行全面、深入、细致的调查，剖析释比文化的本质内容；第四，从羌族民间信仰的体系的特点，重新审视羌族神鬼观念；第五，重点调查并研究羌族祭山会仪式，解读羌族文化的多重意义。

To study the effects on the body of animals after incorporation of 3H-TdR and its mechanism, the laws of distribution A retention and absorbed dose in blood , thymus, spleen, femur, heart, lung,kidney, liver, brain , spermary , small intestine and muscle were detected by liquid scintillation counter after 3H-TdR was injected into the tail vein of mouse; the process of dynamic incorporation of in the lymphocytic cell nucleus of blood , thymus , spleen and the nucleus of femur was monitored; the absorbed dose in the cell nucleus was estimated; the influence to RNA"s synthesizing and cell"s survival was observed using the technology of CLSM; A segment of Egr-1 gene was cloned with reverse transcriptase- polymerase chained reaction, the influence to the expression of Egr-1 gene in the spleen cells was observed.

为了探讨有机结合氚内污染对生物机体的影响及其作用机理，本课题应用均相液体闪烁测量技术研究了氚标记胸腺嘧啶核苷(~3H-TdR)经尾静脉注入小鼠机体后，在血液、脑、胸腺、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、小肠、睾丸、肌肉和股骨共12种组织器官的生物动力学分布规律及其吸收剂量；应用纸片法液体闪烁测量技术研究了~3H-TdR内污染在外周血、胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞及骨髓细胞的动态滞留规律，估算了细胞核的吸收剂量；应用共聚焦显微镜观察了~3H-TdR内污染对脾细胞核酸合成及其存活率的作用，应用反转录PCR技术研究了~3H-TdR内污染对脾细胞早期生长反应基因-1(Egr-1)转录表达的影响。

Several main results on the evolutions of the life and environment on early earth are summarized as follows:(1) the oxygenation of surface environment didn''t cease until a stable stage for 0.4Ga appeared after 1.6Ga;(2) compared to the isotopic compositions of kerogens and coexisted carbonates, the differences between two can effectively carrier the signals from local environments and bio-assemblages;(3) multiple isotopic relationships between kerogens and individual alkanes in Proterozoic samples were observed, which would depend on the specific biogeochemical processes;(4) repeated biogeochemical changes were observed accompanying Neoproerozoic glaciations, which suggesting that environmental rather than evolutionary forces were driving the biogeochemical changes;(5) the bio-radiations after Neoproterozoic glaciations were definitely suggested by molecular and isotopic data to be at the early Cambrian and after the middle of Doushantuo deposition with different triggers for them.

研究获得以下重要认识：（1）古元古代地表环境的氧化可能一直持续到中元古代早期(约1.6Ga)，而在此之后的4亿年里则保持相对稳定；（2）相对于传统的干酪根和碳酸盐的碳同位素组成，二者之差则能更好反映区域环境的演化特征；（3）在元古代干酪根与单体烷烃类之间存在多种碳同位素组成关系；而其与不同的生物地球化学过程有关；（4）全球海洋生物地球化学特征随新元古代多次冰期出现循环波动，这显然为环境因子的驱动；（5）在新元古代大冰期之后，分子与同位素数据显示地球生命在陡山沱中后期和早前寒武纪出现两次大辐射，然而两次生命辐射的本质却是不同的。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。