查询词典 observation error

In this dissertation, GPS baseline solution precision is analyzed since the following aspects: 1, Different length baselines are processed and analyzed by single frequency model and ionosphere free model. 2, Basing on current single point positioning precision, certain coordinate error is added into fixed points to study the result. 3, Baseline is processed and analyzed with different observation vectors and their lineal combination models. 4, 24 hours observation was divide up to process baseline.

本文从以下几个角度研究了影响GPS基线解算精度的因素：1、采用单频和消电离层模式对不同长度的基线分别解算，对处理结果进行分析。2、根据目前单点定位精度给起始点加上适当的坐标偏差，研究起始点坐标偏差对基线处理结果的影响。3、选用不同的观测值及其线性组合，对基线解算结果进行研究。4、对24小时观测的数据分时段处理，分析观测时间段对基线处理结果的影响。

The text analyses GPS observation model, the characteristic of kinds of errors fountain and the adopting measures in the observation, and processes the thorough research to Bernese GPS Software Ms-Windows Version 4.2. It makes the most stable satellites as the main error. The differential way adopts non-differential way and double differential way. The positioning precision of the single point is decimeter level. RMS is within 0.01~0.02; If the ambiguity right and without week skip, the observation datum of a EPOCH-BY-EPOCH can make the short base line（S0km）positioning precision reach centimeter level.

本文分析了GPS的观测模型、观测量中各种误差源的特点及应采取的措施，并对Bernese GPS Software Ms-Windows Version 4.2 软件进行了深入的研究，它是以最稳定的卫星作为主差，采用非差和双差两种差分方法，单点定位精度在分米级，RMS能在0.01~0.02以内；在模糊度已求解正确条件下，若没有周跳，一个历元的观测数据就可以使短基线（S0km）定位精度达到厘米级。

measurement of settlement ; mean square error of observation ; datum point ; observation point

本文针对沉降变形测量的几个核心问题，予以探讨和研究。1 沉降变形测量等级的

On the base of INS, the method of initial alignment is introduced. And the state equation and observation equation are proposed. Using velocity error as exterior value of observation, We achieve the initial alignment.

在实现INS的基础上，研究INS和GPS组合的初始对准方法，建立组合导航系统的状态方程及速度观测方程，应用卡尔曼滤波器实现了INS／GPS的组合对准。

Moreover,the random error of observation can be reduced based on the redundant information from the observation on a group of stars.

于是，一般只能选择其附近的1颗可观测星体作为定向基

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

In this paper, firstly, the new combined error model of cumulative geoid height influenced by three error sources including the inter-satellite range-rate of K-band ranging system, orbital position of GPS receiver and non-conservative force of accelerometer from GRACE satellites is established using the semi-analytical method. Secondly, the dependability of error models is demonstrated based on matching relationship among the accuracy indexes of key payloads. Finally, the accuracy of global gravitational field up to degree and order 120 is effectively and rapidly estimated from GRACE Level 1B measured observation errors of the year 2006 publicized by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the USA, and the cumulative geoid height error is 18.368 cm at degree 120, which preferably accords with the Earth's gravitational field model EIGEN-GRACE02S provided by the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam in Germany.

首先基于半解析法建立了新的GRACE卫星K波段测量系统星间测速、GPS接收机轨道位置和加速度计非保守力误差联合影响累计大地水准面的误差模型；其次，基于各关键载荷精度指标的匹配关系，论证了误差模型的可靠性；最后，基于美国喷气动力实验室公布的2006年的GRACE Level 1B实测误差数据，有效和快速地估计了120阶全球重力场的精度，在120阶处累计大地水准面的精度为18.368 cm，其结果和德国地学研究中心公布的EIGEN-GRACE02S全球重力场模型符合较好。

Instruments and so on. Being the phenomena of hard to avoid in human observation activity, observation activity, observational error plays an important role in the whole human coqnitive activity when it is bringing about huge negative effect, observational error, with the form of the "lesson by negative example". Stimulates and promotes human epistemic activity to more and more close to truth.

观察错误作为人类观察活动中一种难以避免的现象，在人类的整个认识活动中发挥着重要的作用，它在给人类带来巨大负面作用的同时，以一种"反面教材"的形式刺激并促进着人类的认识活动越来越接近于真理。

According to the observation experiment at the Jiufeng station where there is smaller environment noise, the conclusions are drawn as follows.In the normal atmosphere, the observed value is about 500×10-5ms-2, which is greater than theoretical value about 30×10-5ms-2, and if in the low vacuum, the observational error about 2.3×10-5ms-2 is generated. The vacuum maintaining system in falling room can not work normally, which will yield 0.1~4.1×10-5ms-2 error to the gravimetric observation. In the case of that the measurement is in the stable geological conditions and the smaller environment noise, the action of vibration isolating spring is not obvious, but it yields greater effects on measurement accuracy.

通过在环境干扰较小的九峰站观测实验，得到如下结论：在正常大气压状态下所观测到的空气阻力影响约500×10-5ms-2，比理论估算值大近30×10-5ms-2，若在低真空状态测量空气阻力也将产生2.3×10-5ms-2观测误差；落体室真空度维持系统工作不正常，空气阻力也将对重力观测造成0.1~4.1×10-5ms-2的观测误差；在地质条件比较稳定，环境震动干扰较小的基墩上测量，隔震弹簧的作用对观测结果影响不明显，但对测量精度影响较大。

Moreover, the accuracy analysis for different measurements and parameters(such as time measure error, azimuth measure error, buoys error, baseline length and sound velocity fluctuation) are given respectively. To make the best use of the observation datas, the weighted least square localization algorithm is used to improve the accuracy in bistatic sonar. The simulation results show that the positioning accuracy of this algorithm is higher than the other four algorithms, with which the positioning accuracy in stations areas and side areas can be improved effectively.

同时，通过对系统各个因素，如系统的各观测量的测量误差、站址误差、基线长度、声速波动等参数对算法性能的影响，得出了各方法定位误差的分布规律；为了充分利用双基地声纳系统的观测数据，提高系统的定位精度，采用加权最小二乘方法对系统的数据进行优化处理，仿真结果表明该方法定位精度明显高于基本方法的定位精度，能有效的改善发射站和接受站侧边区的定位精度，且定位性能受站址测量误差的影响较小。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。