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The emergence and development of shear bands were simulated numerically by PFC3D under different confining pressures. It was shown that the microscopic parameters of granular materials affected markedly the macroscopic response of the noncohesive frictional material.

通过进一步分析颗粒细观结构参数变化对组成材料的宏观力学的影响及其剪切位移场的形成和发展规律，结果表明颗粒介质之间的摩擦系数、颗粒组成材料的孔隙率对材料的宏观力学行为有比较明显的影响。

As the thermal radiation of coating surface on Low E glass is strongly influenced by its spectrum, the nongray band model in diffusing enclosure was used to numerically simulate the surface radiative characteristics of Low E glass in combination with the glass properties of absorptivity and transmissivity.

由于建筑节能的需要，低辐射率玻璃被大量地应用于建筑物等公共场合。为保证安全使用，这些玻璃必须经过物理钢化处理，即将玻璃制品加热到其转变温度Tg 以上 50～60°C ，然后在冷却介质中急速均匀冷却，使玻璃表面生成均匀分布的压应力层。

To numerically simulate the stress-strain response of the components under multiaxial cyclic load- ing,an elastoplastic finite element analysis was adopted to thin tubular specimens under multiaxial proportion- al and nonproportional tension/torsion loading at high temperature.

为数值模拟构件在多轴循环加载下的应力应变响应，利用ANSYS分析软件对承受高温2轴比例与非比例循环拉扭加载下的光滑薄壁管件进行了弹塑性有限元分析。

The comparison shows that the presented algorithms are capable of the numerically implementing of complicated constitutive model; and the modified ALPHA model, which overcomes the deficiencies of modified Cam-Clay model, such as predicting higher peak strength for over consolidated clay and assuming elastic deformation inside the initial yield surface, can depict the nonlinear and nonrecoverable deformation before yielding. Through varying model parameters, more complicated deformation behaviors can be simulated by the modified model.

改进的本构模型克服了修正剑桥模型预测的超固结土峰值强度过高、初始屈服面内假定为弹性变形等缺点，能够较好地描述土体初始屈服面内的的非线性和不可恢复性变形特征；通过变化模型参数，可模拟变形特性较为复杂的土体。

Focusing properties of Gaussian beam induced by nonspiral and spiral phase plates are investigated numerically.

研究了高斯光束经过非螺旋和螺旋两种相位片后的聚焦性质。

The perforation into a plain concrete panel with ogival and flat nose perforators is numerically simulated with the BPM^2D （beam-particle model in two dimensions）.

用梁-颗粒模型BPM^2D对卵形头和平头动能弹贯穿混凝土平靶的过程进行数值模拟，给出贯穿过程中混凝土内部速度场的变化情况及混凝土的破坏区域。

The collisions of orthogonally polarized fundamental solitons in birefringent fibers are investigated numerically.

本论文选择了光孤子通信及其相关理论与技术中的若干重要论题进行研究。

A new mathematical model is put forward numerically to simulate the wheel ovalization.. In the numerical simulation, the dynamic model of a half railway vehicle coupled with a tangent track is employed. Using the new numerical method investigates vehicle-track coupling system dynamic responses including lateral and vertical displacement of wheelsets and the vehicle, lateral and vertical vibration acceleration of the track at different phase angle of the two side wheels of the same wheelset, which are compared with that of the traditional model. The numerical results show that the discipline and frequency of dynamic responses are accordant, amplitude and phase of lateral dynamic responses are different. It is concluded the traditional track geometric irregularity excitation model does not simulate the effect of periodic wheels ovalization on vehicle-track coupling system dynamic behavior truly, the new model is more accurate and reasonable.

本文研究了车轮二阶周期性非圆化—椭圆化，建立了一个新的模拟车轮椭圆化的数学模型，结合车辆－轨道空间耦合动力学模型，计算了同一轮对左右车轮不同相位和车轮椭圆度下轮对和车体的横、垂向位移，钢轨横、垂向振动加速度，并与传统模型计算结果作了对比，分析表明两种模型的动力响应变化规律和频率一致，但横向动力响应幅值和相位均存在不同程度不可忽略的差异，因此传统的轨道几何不平顺激励模型不能真实模拟车轮的周期性椭圆化对车辆－轨道耦合动态行为的影响，而本文模型更能反映实际椭圆车轮与钢轨接触情形，计算方法准确而合理。

In the paper, a generalized error model for the robots is set up by using DH coordinates. Moreover, a new analytical technique called"analysis on the error prominency factors for the robot pose error"is proposed. Numerically, the error prominency factor can express the extent of influence on the pose error of the end effector resulted form every DH parameter error within the whole working space of the robot.

在这一研究过程中，除了建立了用DH坐标描述的机器人末端位姿误差和轨迹误差的通用模型之外，还提出了一种新的机器人位姿误差分析技术——机器人位姿误差的显著性分析法。

Error analysis In order to analysis the pose error of the hexapod machine tool, considering the characteristics of the parallel mechanism,"analysis on the error prominency factors for the hexapod machine tool pose error"is proposed. Numerically, the error prominency factor can express the influence on the pose error of the tool resulted from the mechanism parameter error within the whole workspace.

四、位姿误差分析为了定量地对并联机器人机床位姿误差进行分析，结合并联机构的特点，首次提出了&并联机器人机床位姿误差放大因子分析法&，因位姿误差放大因子是反映机床机构参数误差对刀具末端误差影响大小的机床工作空间内的统计值，因此既可作为机床结构参数精度设计的依据又可对机构参数进行优化。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。