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By expressing ChR2 in neurons and illuminating the cells with light, researchers can now depolarize neurons at will and precisely control the spiking behavior that underlies neuronal signaling.

通过在神经元内表达"ChR2"并用光线"照亮"细胞，现在的研究人员们能够随意让神经元去极化，并精确控制该构成神经信号基础的示踪行为。

Methods The distribution of fos-like immunoreactive neurons in telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain and pons were examined in 10 "behavioral despair" rats and 10 "simple forced swimming" rats, and the distributions of FLI neurons of the two groups were compared by fos-Ab immunohistochemistry methods.

采用不同强度强迫游泳应激造成绝望行为模型和单纯强迫游泳模型大鼠（Wistar 系雄性，体重160～180 g）各10只，在其端脑、间脑、中脑和脑桥切片上各做抗fos蛋白免疫组化染色，40倍光镜下观察和计数各部位内fos蛋白免疫阳性神经元及其数目，并进行两组之间的比较。

RESULTSdiabetic rats showed typical symptoms involving elevated serum glucose and weight loss (2)The rats in DM+VaD group reacted slower and made more error numbers in Y-maze than the rats in VaD group did, with a prolonged total reacting time in a whole day.(3)More neurons with serious damages, such as edema, ischemia or pyknosis could be found in DM+VaD group than in VaD group. More disarrangement of cone neurons, obvious glia proliferation, and more neuron apoptosis were found in CA area of hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS (1)2-VO in STZ-induced diabetic rats succeeded in establishing VaD animal models.(2) The cognitive dysfunction induced by VaD rats had been deteriorated by diabetes mellitus.(3)Morphology evidences proved that diabetes mellitus aggravated brain damages induced by VaD.PART II Effect of diabetes mellitus on the cholinergic nervous systemin CA1 area of hippocampus of VaDOBJECTIVE To estimate the role of cholinergic nervous system in hippocampus during the process of cognitive dysfunction aggravated by diabetes mellitus in DM+VaD group. METHODS Observe the changes of ChAT protein by immunohistochemistry stain. Chose three rats randomly from each group at each pointat two week, four week, and eight week, then sepa

经腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导慢性实验性糖尿病，1周后永久性结扎双侧颈总动脉(2-VO)制作VaD模型记录术后2周、4周和8周各组大鼠的体重及血糖；应用Y-迷宫检测空间定向学第二军医大学博士论文中…丈摘…要1ia；一色恤~﹁染澎糕行HE染色观察组织病理学孪叱；胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白protellZ，Cf冰尸标记观察星形胶质细舱的激活情况、橄声软公点娜育票票众糯黑橄居端粗默孺篇筑价井袱第二部分糖尿病对血管性痴呆大鼠海马c心区胆碱能神经系统的影响探讨海马CAI区胆碱能神经系统在糖尿病加重确D一大鼠认知障碍中所实验动物及分组同第一部分，应用免疫组织化学染色方法现察海马CAI{介狱牛第晕军l袭拔常博粗{论义

Proceed from the principle of neural networks, the mechanism of mapping between input and output of neural networks was analyzed, and the BP algorithm for training the thresholds of neurons was derived. Based on the study to the distinguishability of input of networks, the effect of neural networks to distinguish-ability of characteristics was studied, and the optimizations of the structure of networks, learning rate, impulse factor, thresholds of neurons and initial weight of networks were completed. Through the experiments under fixed cutting regime and alternative cutting regime, the methods based on neural networks for tool wear monitoring were studied.

本文从神经网络的基本原理出发，研究了神经网络输入输出的映射机理，探讨了神经网络处理方法具有自适应性的原因；推导了神经元阈值学习BP算法；在研究网络输入特征可分性准则和特征敏感性准则的基础上，探讨了神经网络对特征可分性的作用；完成对网络结构参数、网络学习率和冲量因子、神经元阈值以及网络初始权值等参数的优化；并在固定切削用量和变切削用量条件下，对基于神经网络的刀具磨损检测方法进行了实验研究。

Taste aversion learning; taste buds; taste discrimination; taste epithelium; taste modifiers; taste panel evaluation; taste perception; taste pore; taste preferences; taste processing; taste receptors; taste receptor neurons; taste stimuli; taste thresholds; taste transduction; foliate; fungiform; vallate; circumvallate; umami taste; bitter principle; sweet taste; bitter taste; sour taste; salty taste; gustation; gustatory cortex; gustatory nerve; gustatory neurons; gustatory nucleus; gustatory sensilla; gustatory system

味道厌恶学习；味蕾；味道辨别力；味道上皮；味道调节剂；品尝小组评价；味道感受；味孔；味道偏爱；味道加工；味觉感受器；味觉感受器神经元；味道刺激；味觉阈值；味道转换；层状的；真菌状的；轮廓形的；围绕的；鲜味；苦味素；甜味；苦味；酸味；咸味；味觉；味觉皮层；味觉神经；味觉神经元；味觉核；味觉感器；味觉体系

PubMed abstract: Gramicidin perforated-patch-clamp recordings in brain slices were used to obtain an accurate assessment of the developmental change in the GABAA receptor reversal potential in embryonic and early postnatal rat neocortical cells including neuroepithelial precursor cells, cortical plate neurons, and postnatal neocortical neurons.

PubMed摘要：大脑部分的短杆菌肽穿孔片钳记录，用於获得胚胎中GABBA受体逆向电压发展改变的精确估计，以及出生后大鼠早期新生皮层细胞，包括神经上皮先驱细胞、皮层板神经元和出生后新皮层神经元的估计。

Review articles only; taste buds; taste aversion learning; taste discrimination; taste epithelium; taste modifiers; taste panel evaluation; taste perception; taste pore; taste preferences; taste processing; taste receptors; taste receptor neurons; taste stimuli; taste thresholds; taste transduction; umami taste; bitter principle; sweet taste; bitter taste; sour taste; salty taste; gustation; gustatory cortex; gustatory nerve; gustatory neurons; gustatory nucleus; gustatory system; gustatory sensilla

唯一的综述；味蕾；味道厌恶学习；味道辨别力；味道上皮；味道调节剂；品评小组评估；味道感知；味孔；味道偏爱；味道加工；味觉感受器；味觉感受器神经元；味道刺激；味觉阈值；味道转换；鲜味；苦素；甜味；苦味；酸味；咸味；味觉；味觉的皮层；味觉神经；味觉的神经元；味觉核；味觉的体系；味觉感器

Neurons of embryo mouse brain were infected with the Hant aan virus, it was observed that expression of FOS was in the HTNV infecte d neurons.

用体外培养的昆明小鼠胚胎脑皮质神经元，感染汉滩病毒后，检测原癌基因FOS的表达，加入HFRS病人恢复期血清，观察其对神经元的保护作用。

This experiment aimed to investigate the modulation of hypotonicity on ATP-activated currents in primary sensory neurons. Whole cell-patch clamp recording was performed on cultured SD rat trigeminal ganglion neurons.

本实验应用全细胞膜片钳技术，在大鼠三叉神经节神经元上探讨低渗透压对ATP-激活电流的调制作用。

Under normal conditions some catecholaminergic fibers innervate primary afferent neurons and there is no significant functional communication between sympathetic fibers and sensory neurons.

在正常生理条件下，初级感觉传入神经元上存在一些儿茶酚胺能神经纤维的支配，二者之间没有明显的功能联系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。