查询词典 municipality directly under the Central Government

With regard to the control issue from the aspect of the political science, Chapter Seven takes the relationship between farmers of China's southwest region and the local government as the subject investigated, discussed the contradictions, conflicts and even intensification of interests occurred during the time of the tobacco monopoly control, and touches many incredible inharmonic phenomena occurred under the background of the monopoly control by the central government even in the undeveloped countryside. Such inharmonic phenomena made, of course, farmers who planted and/or sold tobacco be in hot water, which led to the economic rational resistance against the behaviours of the local government that made people work hard and wasted money for nothing.

第七章从管制的政治学角度以中国西南地区农民与当地政府的关系作为研究对象，探讨了发生在烟草专卖管制时期的利益和矛盾冲突甚至完全激化，触及了落后的农村地区同样是在中央政府的专卖管制下却产生了许多令人难以置信的不和谐现象，出现这种情形当然使种烟、卖烟的农民陷入了困境，进而采取了经济上理性的抵制方式来对抗当地政府的劳民伤财行为。

The northern states disliked slavery and wanted to see it abolished; a few of the southern states believed slavery to be essential to their agrarian economy. The larger states, with the most people, wanted greater representation in the government; the smaller states feared that they would always be outvoted and thus overwhelmed by the big states. Some thought the central government should be strong; others feared that such a government would lead to the kind of tyranny they had suffered under King George. These men advocated the rights of the states.

他们必须克服彼此之间某些严重的歧见：北方各州不喜欢奴隶制度而想废除它，一些南方的州相信奴隶对他们的农耕经济至为重要；大多数人所居住的大州想要在政府中拥有较多数的代表，较小的州惧怕如此一来他们将永远被大州以多数票压倒；有些人认为中央政府应该集权，其他人害怕这样一个政府会导致他们在乔治王统治之下所遭受的那种暴政，因而主张各州的自治权。

The northern states disliked slavery and wanted to see it abolished; a few of the southern states believed slavery to be essential to their agrarian economy. The larger states, with the most people, wanted greater representation in the government; the smaller states feared that they would always be outvoted and thus overwhelmed by the big states. Some thought the central government should be strong; others feared that such a government would lead to the kind of tyranny they had suffered under King George. These men advocated the rights of the states.

他们必须克服彼此之间某些严重的歧见︰北方各州不喜欢奴隶制度而想废除它，一些南方的州相信奴隶对他们的农耕经济至为重要；大多数人所居住的大州想要在政府中拥有较多数的代表，较小的州惧怕如此一来他们将永远被大州以多数票压倒；有些人认为中央政府应该集权，其它人害怕这样一个政府会导致他们在乔治王统治之下所遭受的那种暴政，因而主张各州的自治权。

The second section focuses on discussing the inherent relationship between the system of right to know and the construction of socialist political civilization. This section points out that: it is the precedent condition for promoting and assuring civil participation as well as for realizing and assuring democracy to keep information open and satisfy civil right to know; assuring the right to know is the essence of the ideology of supremacy in citizen and the important motive for promoting the formulation of our constitutional state; assuring civil right to know plays a crucial role in improving the credit of government and realizing the government management of standard and service; disclosure of government information is benefit to set a mechanism of anti-corruption and control, and to integrate the interest between government and the civil in order to realize the public interest; installation of the system of right to know is also the prerequisite to assure our social self-government of basic level.

第二部分重点论述了知情制度与社会主义政治文明建设的关系，指出：信息公开，满足公民的知情权，是促使和保证公民参与的先决条件，是实现民主与保障民主的根本前提：保障知情权是主权在民理念的必然要素，保障公民的知情权是宪政的价值目标之一，因而知情权的人权确认是推动我国民主宪政建设的重要动力；确认和保障公众的知情权是提高政府的信用，实现规范化、服务性的政府管理的关键所在：政府信息公开有助于反腐机制和监督机制的建设，政府与民众的利益整合，以促进公共利益的实现；建立知情制度确保公民知情权是保障社会基层自治得到切实的落实和良性运转的必要条件。

This paper discusses the relative problems of government credit from four respects: the meanings and propertied of government credit, the performances and harms of government credit s insufficiencies, the reasons for the insufficiencies of government credit, the ways to construct government credit.

该文主要从四个方面对政府信用的有关问题进行了初步探讨：政府信用的涵义与特征、我国政府信用不足的表现及危害、我国政府信用不足的原因、我国政府信用建设的途径。

This article that on the base of reviewing the developing process of the limited government theory,has studied the limited government's connotation that including:The government function scope is limited in the public domain;The government action practices the transparent administration;The power and responsibility relates has the automatic rhythmicity;The authority receives the restriction of the citizens rights,it's the law government with the authority receiving the restriction.

本文在回顾了有限政府理论的发展历程的基础上，研究了有限政府的内涵，包括：政府职能范围被限制在公共领域；政府运行上实行透明行政；权责关系上具有自律性；权力受到公民权利的制约；权力受到制约的法治政府。

Firstly, the government should rethink the basic mission of higher education in view of the underlying and further social benefit. Secondly, for the purpose of preventing the abuse of the university, the relation between the government and the university should been constructed with the principle of contract spirit. Thirdly, the government should be responsible for the financial support considering the public welfare of higher education. Fourthly, the government should overcome the market failure and promote the equal opportunity in higher education. Finally, the government should carry out effective means to balance the scale of higher education, to increase the quality of higher education, and to achieve unisonous development of higher education.The view point that facts and value are unified in the problem of development has been expressed in this dissertation.

具体内容包括：首先，政府要从社会的根本的、长远的利益出发，重新思考高等教育的基本使命；其次，必须以契约精神重构政府与大学之关系，防止大学被滥用；再次，政府应从高等教育的公益性出发，对高等教育承担更多的财政责任：再其次，政府要努力克服市场失灵，促进高等教育机会均等；最后，必须采取有效手段，合理调节高等教育规模，提高增长的质量，实现高等教育的协调发展。

Government interest is unusual in that government occupies special position and enjoys sufficient power, finance and cultural resources in the administrative activities. The unusualness of government interest and position brings about the inadequate interest of government. Driven by the inadequate interest, government will inevitably expand or reduce its administrative power at its free will.

政府在行政活动中具有充分的权力、财力和文化资源支持，有着特殊的角色地位，因此政府利益具有特殊性，政府利益的特殊性和地位角色的特点使得政府存在着不适当利益，在不适当利益的驱使下，政府必然可以利用自身特有资源扩张或缩小行政权力，甚至根本不使用行政权力。

The author thinks that the reform of the township government is to transfer democratically it accord with modern governance, i.e., to decentralism reform between county and township government, and strengthen the township government' s self－ determination/independence, in a word, to carry out limited self－ government of township government.

乡政的未来改革不在于取消、虚化或实化乡政，而在于顺应现代治理的要求进行民主转型，即在县乡政权之间进行制度化分权改革，进一步增强乡政的相对自主性或独立性，实行有限的&乡政自治&。

The basic function of county government is to perfect the configuration of market economy system to create basic conditions for the performance of market system by institutional innovation; the guiding function refers to the one that county government creates the development plans, strategies, policies and economic levers to promote the agricultural modernization, county industrialization,and urbanization for driving the county developmant; organizational function means that county government carries out the correct measures of industrial organization to avoid infavorable impact of overcompetition on economy and to improve the development and competitivity; regulatory function performs when county government regulates the conducts of market bodies by economic, legislative and administrative means to solve the externality and to sustain the development; and the complementory function acts on market by government supplying the public goods and harmonizing the social development.

基础性作用即县级政府通过一系列市场化的制度创新，建立完善了市场经济体制的基本框架，为市场机制发挥作用创造了基础条件；主导性作用即县级政府通过发展规划、发展战略、经济政策和经济杠杆，促进农业现代化、县域工业化和城镇化，使县域经济发展更具主动性；组织性作用即县级政府实施正确的产业组织措施，克服过度竞争对县域经济发展的不利影响，提高县域经济运行质量和竞争力；矫正性作用即县级政府通过一系列经济、法律、行政手段，对市场主体的行为进行调节，解决县域经济的外部性问题，使县域经济提高效率，实现可持续发展；补充性作用即县级政府发挥对市场的补充作用，主导公共产品供给，从根本上解决县域公共产品短缺问题，实现经济社会协调发展。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48