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Dynamic large-signal, DC, and small-signal circuit models including parasitic resistances and current ripples of nonideal synchronous rectifier buck converter operating in CCM are established. Closed-loop modeling of nonideal synchronous rectifier buck converter for voltage-mode control is studied. Transfer functions are obtained. Effects of parasitic components on control loop design of the converter are explored. Systematic simulation analysis is performed. All the results show that it is necessary to include parasitic components of converters into equivalent models.

首次建立了考虑寄生电阻和电流纹波的同步整流 Buck 变换器在连续工作模式下的大信号平均模型、DC 和小信号电路模型，研究了电压控制的闭环建模，导出了传递函数，剖析了变换器的寄生参数对其控制电路设计的影响，进行了小信号特性的仿真研究，进一步阐明了考虑变换器的寄生参数建模的必要性。

The models of response surface for one noise factor and multinoise factors have been set up , and not only the statistical analysis method of models but also distributions and efficiency of some statistics have been presented for robust design of dynamic character.

对动态特性的稳健设计，建立了单个噪声因素及多个噪声因素的响应曲面模型，给出了模型的统计分析方法，并且给出了有关统计量的统计分布及效的性质。

Qualitative results are obtained by using this method in fluid fielddesign and structure optimization of disturbing elements.5 Experimental models are made efficiently and accurately by RPM method. Allthe models satisfy the precision and strength requirements.6 CFD is employed to simulate the application of tube with static mixer in anindustrial furnace, in which a tube model library containing the geometricalmodel and physical model in common use is build.7 Disturbed flow in tube with static mixer is demonstrated in an experimentsystem designed and manufactured by the author. Fluid field is measured byuse of seven-hole probe method. An experimental system are designed and builtfor this purpose.

建立了一个由模型的几何、物理参数组定义的常用模型的模型库，提高计算效率，缩短放大研究周期。6、提出了基于速度的流场扰流效果的评价方法，将之应用于流场设计和扰流元件结构优化的评价中，获得了量化的评价结果。7、设计、制造流动显示实验系统，验证静态混合式炉管对流体的扰动效果：采用七孔探针流体力学实验方法，在流体力学实验测量系统中，对静态混合式炉管模拟流场的三维速度分布和流体、压力降等进行测量。

The state-of-the-art of chemical process and equipment intensificationtechniques is reviewed. A novel concept of compact industrial furnace isproposed, in which tube with static mixer for partly intensification is determined. 2 A virtual engineering scale-up approach is put forward. The key points toimprove the scaling-up efficiency include two tools: one is rapid generationtechniques for computational models in which a re-use library is built, the otheris rapid prototyping manufacturing, employed for rapid generation forexperimental models.3 The tube is the key component for industrial furnace. Material microstructure,high temperature strength, and casting process of the tube with static mixer arediscussed as compared with those of traditional tube. Some special features ofthe static mixer tube are demonstrated.4 An evaluation method of velocity-based disturbance effect of fluid field wasproposed.

主要内容包括： 1、总结了化工过程强化技术的现状和强化研究的途径，提出了紧凑式工业炉的概念，确定用静态混合式炉管进行局部强化。2、提出了静态混合式炉管应用的虚拟工程放大研究方法，指出研究中提高效率的关键是计算模型快速生成技术和实验模型的快速原型制造。3、对工业炉的关键部位——炉管，从材料成分、强度、制造等方面对静态混合式炉管的设计、制造进行了分析，与常规炉管对比，说明了静态混合式炉管的独特性和要求。4、应用快速原型方法，迅速、准确地得到了符合精度、强度要求的静态混合式炉管模型，产品的精度和强度完全符合要求，提高了模型制造效率。5、应用计算流体动力学方法，进行静态混合式炉管的工程放大研究。

In order to escplore the new models of cultivating in school, the essay tightly connects cultivating with teaching and research activities, based on developing teachers vacational level by modern information technoledge. Besides, during the process of founding the system of trainning teachers in school, we decide on our cultive target—promote the element educational reform by school internet, combing the facts of different schools. The cultive contnet should suit measures to different conditions, trying to synthesise and stress its practical function. When carrying out the cultive plan, we should sum up different models and explain its essence, steps and function so that we make the best choice. As to evaluational methods, we can take varied evaluational ways, including self-evaluation and evaluating each other by combination of fixing quality and quantity. At last, it is very necessary to found a special organization in order to form cultive web, make entire standarization, pay attention to develop resource and provide cultive guarantee.

本文在构建网络环境下中小学教师校本培训体系时，把以教师专业发展为本，以学校为主要研究基地，以现代信息技术为手段，以新课程的学习和实施为抓手，把培训和教研活动紧密结合、溶为一体，探索校本培训的新模式作为目标；把以基础教育新课程改革为出发点，在总目标的框架下，结合学校的具体实际，以校园网络为依托，来确定相应的培训任务，以促进基础教育课程改革的顺利进行作为任务；培训内容因人而异、因校而异，力求综合化，强调实用性与实践性；就相关的网络环境下校本培训模式进行了归纳整理，就每种模式的基本内涵、实施步骤加以说明，并对其功能列表进行比较，以便使用时更好地选择；运用多元评价和多样化评价方式，采取定性和定量相结合、自评和互评相结合、学校整体和教师个人发展相结合等灵活多样的评价方法，认真地进行科学的全方位的评价；建立一个专门的机构进行组织与管理：建立组织机构，形成培训网络，进行整体规划，优化培训机制，注重资源开发，提供培训保障。

A ccording to Wikipedia,"Scientists include theoreticians who mainly develop new models to explain existing data and experimentalists who mainly test models by making measurements-though in practice the division between these activities is not clear-cut, and many scientists perform both."

根据维基百科，&包括理论学家在内的科学家专注于开发新的模型以解释目前存在的数据，同时实验家主要专注于通过做实验的方式来测试模型--然而在实践中，对这两种行为的划分并不明显，并且很多科学家同时做了这两件事（译者注：开发新模型和测试模型）&。

The other approach - the extralinguistic - is composed of three models to be discussed in this thesis: the historic, cultural and hermeneutic models.

语言外大模式包括了三个小模式：历史模式、文化模式和阐释模式。

We decided that Google SketchUp users should be able to export their models into some easy-to-read and fundamentally hackable file format to make this easier. Your models should be yours to do with as you see fit.

我们决定Google SketchUp用户应该能够把模型输出到某些易于读取和从根本上能应付的文件格式，使它更容易些，您的模型应该以您认为合适的方式利用。

Anti-theft measures should be pretty good with all models getting an immobiliser and an alarm is fitted on higher spec models.

防盗措施非常到位，所有车型都配备了防盗锁系统，高端型号配备警报器。

Although they shared mechanicals such as engines, gearboxes, and differentials, the four-door New Class models shared little else in terms of parts and design with the two-door models.

虽然他们共享，如发动机，变速箱机械特性，和差异，四门级车型共享新别无其他的部分，并与双门车型设计上。

In contrast to the ubiquitous rising-sun-with-rays military flag of the Japanese, Chinese banners and ensigns feature a range of designs.

与遍地都是的太阳军旗不同，中国人的旗帜和徽章设计得各式各样。

From their small corner of Feng's Guangzhou headquarters -- a jumble of pink leashes, squeezable rubber steaks, and plastic doggy Santas for Fido's stocking -- Soleil's designers come up with at least five new products a month.

从Feng 设在广州总部的产品展示柜台上可以看到，Soleil的设计师每月至少设计出5件新产品。