查询词典 mitochondria

The shape of chloroplast didn't change after seedling was treated by GA〓, but the number of lamllasomes increased, and starch grain enhanced. These changes were accord to that of the rate of photosynthesis. Mitochondria varied greatly, the structure of mitochondria could see vaguely and carinace almost deliquesce after 4days. Enrolucrum emerged until the seventh day after treatment and endomembrance of mitochondria recovered gradually, cristae could be seen. On the other hand, the endomembrance of mitochondria in CK (normal non-bolting) was obvious and the quantity of cristae in the mitochondria was much more than the GA〓 treatment. This showed that respiration might decrease after GA〓 treatment while reduced the depletion of photosynthesis products and enhanced bolting.

GA〓处理后抽苔过程中叶绿体形状未发生变化，但类囊体增多，淀粉粒增多，这种变化与光合速率的变化吻合；线粒体变化较大，处理后4天线粒体结构较模糊，嵴不清晰，7天时外膜形成，内膜也逐渐恢复，能见到嵴，而对照线粒体内膜结构明显，嵴清晰数量也多，说明GA〓处理后，呼吸作用降低，减少光和产物的消耗；细胞膜无破损，较光滑完整，说明对细胞膜没有伤害。

The invention discloses a method to analyze fish genetic information with mitochondria DNA D-loop controlling zone, which comprises the following steps:(1) extracting genom DNA and mitochondria DNA of fish;(2) designing simple primer in fish mitochondria DNA D-loop controlling zone; possessing twenty one basic groups CAC CCY TRR CTC CCA AAG CYA in upstream primer MitD1-F; possessing twenty three basic groups GGT GCG GRK ACT TGC ATG TRT AA in downstream primer MitD1-R;(3) proceeding PCR reaction under the function of primer;(4) choosing agarose jel electrophoresis;(5) checking sequence for augment mtDNA D-loop gene fragment.

本发明公开了一种利用线粒体DNA D-loop控制区进行鱼类遗传信息分析的方法。它包括如下步骤：(1)分别提取鱼类基因组DNA和线粒体DNA；(2)在鱼类线粒体DNA D-loop控制区设计简并引物：其上游引物MitD1-F有21个碱基：CAC CCY TRR CTC CCA AAG CYA；下游引物MitD1-R有23个碱基：GGT GCG GRK ACT TGC ATG TRT AA；(3)在引物的作用下进行PCR反应；(4)琼脂糖凝胶电泳；(5)对扩增的mtDNA D-loop基因片断进行测序。

The following five reviews published in this volume summarize recent discoveries in this area: DNA Replication and Transcription in Mammalian Mitochondria, Mitochondrial-Nuclear Communications, Translocation of Proteins into Mitochondria, The Machines that Divide and Fuse Mitochondria, and Why Do We Still Have a Maternally Inherited Mitochondrial DNA?

这一卷发表的以下五篇综述总结了这个领域的最新发现：哺乳动物线粒体中的DNA复制和转录，线粒体-细胞核通信，蛋白质到线粒体的迁移，分离和融合线粒体的机制及为什么我们仍然有一个母系遗传的线粒体DNA？

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

In TUNEL assay it can be observed that cystamine can reduce myocardial cell apoptosis . At the same time Western Blot analysis to prove cystamine can reduce cardiac cell apoptosis and Deth receptor and Mitochondria through theses two pathsway, NF-κB protein expression significantly increased furthermore, it promots cell survival, which can reduce cardiac hypertrophy,apoptosis.

在TUNEL assay中可以观察到胱胺可以减少心肌细胞的凋亡，同时我们也利用Western Blot证明胱胺可以减少心肌细胞的凋亡是透过Deth receptor和Mitochondria这两条路径，而这样子降低凋亡的现象很有可能与NF-kB这讯息传递的分子上升有关，因此胱胺确实具有保护心肌细胞的作用，可改善心肌细胞肥大、凋亡的情形。

Upon a salinity challenge, euryhaline teleosts immediately regulate the functions of many ion transporters and enzymes in the gill mitochondria-rich cells for maintaining their internal homeostasis.

当广盐性鱼类面对环境盐度改变时，鱼类鳃上皮细胞许多位於富含粒线体细胞(mitochondria-rich cell， MR cell)的离子通道就必须及时运作以维持鱼体内的渗透压恒定，由於大多数的离子通道都是需要耗能的主动运输，故鳃是个需要大量能量的器官。

DATA SOURCES: An online search of PUBMED was undertaken to identify correlative English articles published from January 1998 to December 2006 by using the keywords of ＂ooplasmic transfer, mitochondria heteroplasmy,animal cloning＂.

资料来源：应用计算机检索PUBMED 1998—01/2006—12期间的相关文章，检索词为&ooplasmic transfer，mitochondria heteroplasmy，animal cloning&，并限定文章语言种类为English。

When the soil relative water content is 80%, the chloroplast and mitochondria cristae were regular. When the soil relative water content is 100%and 60%, the chloroplasts became roud in shape.There were bigger giqantic starch grains and fat droplets in the chloroplasts. Mitochondria cristae became swollen. When the soil relative water content is 40%and 20%, thylakoids became swollen and disorder in leaf cell, mitochondria cristae became obscured .

5在土壤相对含水量为80%时，叶绿体和线粒体能维持其结构和膜的完整性；在土壤含水量为100%和60%时，毛桃和石头扁桃叶片中的叶绿体变圆，出现大颗粒淀粉和脂类小滴，线粒体嵴膨胀；在土壤含水量为40%和20%时，叶绿体类囊体紊乱肿胀，线粒体嵴模糊或溶解。

Mitochondria are organelles in each cell outside the nucleus and are the energy source of all cells.

Mitochondria是在在核心外边的每间小屋里的细胞器，并且是全部电池的能源。

In addition, we studied the distribution of mitochondria in metaphase Ⅱ rabbit oocytes, zygotes and early embryos by two active mitochondria dyes and revealed the change of active mitochondria during early development of rabbit embryos. We also found that the distribution of microfilaments and microtubules have similar patterns to that of active mitochondria, which is an important basis for further development of animal cloning study using the recipient oocytes derived from rabbit.

此外，我们应用两种线粒体荧光染料研究了日本大耳白兔体内成熟卵母细胞、正常交配后收集的受精卵及早期体外发育胚胎的活性线粒体的位置变化，首次揭示了兔早期胚胎中活性线粒体的变化特征及其与微丝微管变化的相关性，为进一步开展以兔卵母细胞作为核移植受体的动物克隆研究打下了重要的基础。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。