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The development of phase separation were followed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, Synchrotron Radiation soft X-ray contact microscopy, time resolved light scattering, differential scanning calorimeters and rheometer.

本论文系统研究热塑性树脂改性环氧体系相分离过程中的流变行为，通过光学显微镜，扫描电子显微镜，透射电子显微镜，软X射线显微术，时间分辨激光光散射和DSC等仪器跟踪研究相分离过程，与体系的流变行为相对照，探究反应诱导粘弹相分离过程中流变行为。

In this work the rheological behaviors during phase separation in thermoplastic modified epoxy resin were systemically investigated. The development of phase separation were followed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, Synchrotron Radiation soft X-ray contact microscopy, time resolved light scattering, differential scanning calorimeters and rheometer.

本论文系统研究热塑性树脂改性环氧体系相分离过程中的流变行为，通过光学显微镜，扫描电子显微镜，透射电子显微镜，软X射线显微术，时间分辨激光光散射和DSC等仪器跟踪研究相分离过程，与体系的流变行为相对照，探究反应诱导粘弹相分离过程中流变行为。

Biocompatibility study:(1) Interface between bone and femoral stem prosthesis was examined by light microscopy, flourescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

生物相容性分析：(1)人工髋关节植入后骨/假体界面普通光镜、荧光显微镜和扫描电镜观察。

The thesis consists of six chapters. In the first, the technologies of atomic force microscopy and of the measurement elasticity of biomolecules were introduced. In the second, the validity of VSPFM was confirmed by lift mode atomic force microscopy. In this chapter, the height of DNA was measured by lift mode atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated that the method of height measurement of biomolecules by VSPFM was correct and established the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by vibrating mode scanning polarization force microscopy. In the third chapter, detailed work has been illustrated on the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by VSPFM. And the compressive elasticity of DNA was measured. In fourth and fifth chapters, the method was applied in the measurement elasticity of proteins. Two proteins elasticity, fibre-like protein α-synuclein and global protein IgG, were measured by VSPFM, through which the method wound its way to the application of biomolecules. In last chapter, the final part of the thesis was a summary. A conclusion of the thesis and a self-comment on my work as a PhD candidate have been made, and expectation about the further works has been addressed.

本论文共分为六章，第一章，引言部分主要介绍了原子力显微镜技术及生物大分子弹性测量技术；第二章主要是VSPFM方法的正确性论证，介绍抬高模式原理，利用抬高模式原子力显微镜对DNA的高度进行测量，论证振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的高度的正确性以及准确性，从而为振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的弹性方法的建立奠定基础；第三章以脱氧核糖核酸为例详细介绍了振动模式极化力显微镜测量生物大分子弹性的方法的建立，对DNA的压弹性进行了初步的测量和分析；第四章和第五章介绍了振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用：α-synuclein和IgG分别是纤维状蛋白和球状颗粒蛋白，通过振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量这两种蛋白质的弹性，摸索振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用；第六章对全文进行了总结，在对论文的工作进行归纳和自我评价之后，还对进一步的工作进行了展望。

This new technique known as total internal reflection microscopy (total internal reflection microscopy), with the traditional microscope to illuminate the different cells, it just lit up the gathering on the surface of HIV.

这一新的技术称为全内反射显微镜方法（total internal reflection microscopy），与传统的显微镜照亮整个细胞不同，它仅仅照亮HIV聚集的细胞表面。

Methods The otoconia of 18 guinea pigs were damaged by a high G force (10 Gy 5 min), and their utricle macula were observed by scanning electron microscopy at 1 h, 2 d and 8 d after the damage respectively. The elements of different kinds of otoconia were measured qualitatively and quantitatively by electron probe Xray microanalysis.

给予过载刺激(10 Gy 5 min)造成18只豚鼠耳石的损伤破坏，用扫描电镜（scanning electron microscopy，SEM）分别观察过载刺激后1 h、2 d、8 d时其椭圆囊囊斑，用X射线显微能谱分析技术(electron probe Xray microanalysis，EPMA)测量不同形态类别的耳石元素构成。

Scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,circular dichroism and small-angle X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the aggregation mode of CSG in the organogel phase.A hierarchical self-assembly model was proposed to explain the transition from molecular to primary and secondary structure.It is shown from our results that CSG can aggregate into a micellar fibril nanostructure with high length-to-width ratio which is bundled and entangled to form a three-dimensional(3D) network that immobilize the fluid component probably by surface tension.Moreover,sol-gel polymerization of tetraethoxysilane was carried out using CSG in the gel phase.

通过扫描电镜(ScanningElectron Microscopy，SEM)、透射电镜(Transmission Electron Microscopy，TEM)、圆二色谱(Circular Dichroism，CD)和小角X—射线衍射仪(Small-angle X-rayDiffraction，SAXRD)考察CSG分子自组装行为结果表明，CSG形成的聚集体具有多级结构：首先CSG通过手性堆叠自组装形成直径在9—10nm的细纳米纤维，这些细的纳米纤维再以不规则的六方堆积的方式进行排列，构成直径在40—100nm的粗纳米纤维(即细纳米纤维的&捆束&)，最后粗纳米纤维互相粘连形成三维网络状结构，使有机溶剂&固定&，从而形成凝胶；以CSG有机凝胶为模板，四乙氧基硅烷为前体，通过溶胶—凝胶聚合的方法制备了直径大约为100nm的二氧化硅纳米管。3。

Co-firing characteristics of corn stalk and stone coal in different proportion were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis. The results showed that corn stalk can improve the ignition and combustion of stone coal. The agglomeration experiments on corn stalk were made in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed with quartz sand as bed material and stone coal ash as additive. The results indicate that stone coal ash can inhibit agglomeration of bed material particles at temperature of 900℃. Agglomerate of blends was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and the bed materials were analyzed by means of X-ray fluorescence. Analysis showed that aluminum element and iron element in stone coal ash can react with alkali compounds and eutectics with low melting point, form a covering layer with high melting point on the surface of biomass and quart sand particles, thus inhibit the forming and transfer of low melting compounds.

以玉米秸秆与石煤按不同比例组成的混合物为研究对象，在TG-DTG热分析仪上进行了燃烧特性分析，结果表明玉米秸秆有利于石煤的着火和稳定燃烧，对石煤有一定的助燃作用；在小型鼓泡流化床实验装置上，以石英砂为床料、石煤灰为添加剂，进行了玉米秸秆成型燃料流化床燃烧的床料黏结实验，结果表明：石煤灰能够在生物质流态化燃烧过程中有效地抑制流化床床料黏结现象的发生；通过对实验中形成的结团进行扫描电子显微镜X射线能谱(scanning electron microscopy/Energy-dispersive X-ray- SEM/EDX)，对床料进行X射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence，XRF)分析，结果表明石煤灰中的Al和Fe能够与生物质灰中的碱金属化合物以及低熔点共熔物发生化学反应生成高熔点物质，并且覆盖在生物质碳颗粒与石英砂颗粒表面形成隔绝层，从而阻止低熔点物质的生成与迁移。

Through dark-field microscopy and SEM measurements, the thus-prepared nanomaterials were easily and rapidly characterized.

藉由暗场显微镜(dark-field microscopy， DFM)与扫瞄式电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy， SEM)的量测，这些在基材上已制备好的奈米材料可以被快速的观察与鉴定。

Lamblia were cultivated axenically with modified TYI-S-33 medium contained dihydroartemisinin (0.002 mg/L) for 12 h and then stained by rhodanmine phalloidin and paclitaxel (P22310). The cytoskeletons of the organisms were detected and analyzed by flow cytometry, and then observed by confocal microscopy.RESULTS: The cytoskeleton of trophozoites was markedly damaged after treatment with 0.002 mg/L dihydroartemisinin for 12 h.

将用含双氢青蒿素的改良TYI-S-33培养基培养后的蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫滋养体，用专一性结合f-肌动蛋白的荧光染料罗丹明－鬼笔环肽(rhodanmine phalloidin， RDP)标记微丝，结合微管的紫杉醇(Paclitaxel， Oregen Green 488， P22310)标记微管，用流式细胞术检测、分析，用激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal microscopy， CFM)观察滋养体微丝和微管的变化。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。