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Dynamic and static mapping techniques are introduced as the qualitative methods. Statistical methods,inverse calculation and principle component analysis are introduced as the quantitative methods.

其中在定性方法中介绍了静态和动态标测法，在定量方法中则介绍了统计学方法、逆运算方法和主分量分析方法。

The main contents include: Some preliminary theory (introduction to Sobolev spaces and variational formulations for differential equations); finite element methods for one-dimensional elliptic problems; the construction methods for general finite elements; error estimates for interpolation operators and inverse inequalities for finite element spaces; a priori and a posteriori error estimates for the finite element method for high-dimensional elliptic problems; some typical spectral methods for partial differential equations; error analysis for the spectral approximation for some linear and nonlinear partial differential equations.

主要内容有：准备知识（Sobolev空间的基本概念和主要结果，微分方程的变分描述）；一维椭圆型方程有限元方法；一般有限元的构造；插值算子误差估计和逆不等式；高维椭圆型方程的先验、后验误差估计；求解偏微分方程的几类谱方法；线性与非线性问题谱逼近的误差分析等。

The measuring methods of liquidity mainly includes: the measuring methods based on the supply and demand theory, Marshall K value and the excess money growth rate, monetarism liquidity measuring methods and etc, at the micro level, market liquidity was mainly reflected by short-term money market interest rates, stock market index yield variance and other indicators.

流动性的测度方法主要包括：基于流动性供求理论的测度方法，马歇尔K值与超额货币增长率，货币主义流动性测度方法等，在微观层面的市场流动性则主要通过短期货币市场利率、股票市场指数收益率方差等指标来反映。

Abstract］ objective to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different samples and different methods in detection for banded krait venom.methods double immunodiffusion and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay were used as the methods to detect different samples of people and animal who were bit by banded krait.results in double immunodiffusion the samples were all negative;with elisa the samples of wound tissue liquid and blood were all positive.conclusion wound tissue liquid and blood are both fitting samples in detection for banded krait venom;double immunodiffusion isn't adapt to detect banded krait biting patient,but elisa is an good detection method.

目的 探讨银环蛇毒中毒检测中不同材料与不同方法的优缺点。方法采用双向免疫扩散法与间接elisa法对银环蛇毒中毒的人与动物的不同标本进行检测。结果双向免疫扩散法死者伤口皮肤组织液、死者心脏血清、死小猪伤口皮肤组织液及死小猪血清标本均未见免疫沉淀带；elisa法测标本均为阳性。结论银环蛇毒中毒检测中伤口皮肤组织液和血液都是合适的材料；双向免疫扩散法的检出率较低，而elisa法则是一种较好的检测方法。

With the continuous development and thorough of science and technology,and reflected on science and technology by people continued to be deepen,scientific research is played an important role in scientific research,such as experimental methods, induction, mathematical methods,the limitations of traditional scientific methods have been unprecedented criticism, revealed serious limitations and shortcomings.

讨论科学方法的不足和局限性，并不是要表明科学方法在科学研究中没有任何地位与作用，只是表明科学方法不是完美无缺的，它需要其它方法的补充。比较自由、灵活的艺术方法不仅能随着科学技术的不断发展以及人们对科学技术反思的不断深入，科学方法的局限性也日益暴露出来。

Some methods for dealing with the stability problem has presented and these methods include: Lyapunov function, differential inequality, matrix norm and measure, Razumikhin theorem method etc. The results of stability for these systems are derived by using these methods. This paper may be summarized as follows.

本文考察了区间Lurie型控制系统与不确定时滞系统的稳定性问题，给出了判定系统稳定的一些处理方法，这些方法包括：Lyapunov函数法、微分不等式法、矩阵范数与测度法、Razumikhin定理等方法，并且应用这些方法得到了系统稳定的判别条件。

Currently, a rich variety of evolutionary tree reconstruction methods have been developed, which fall into three categories, distance based methods, maximum parsimony methods and approaches applying the maximum likelihood principle.

一个可靠的进化树推断不仅有助于了解生物的进化历史和进化机制，而且对生物医药学、计算分子生物学其他分支的研究具有重要意义。

This article, through summarizing the progresses in the evapotranspiration (ET0) methods research, analyzes representative ET0 computation methods emphasized on three periods of the world: modificative Penman, Penman-Monteith and standard ASCE-PM. We take 20th century 90's last stages and 21th century initial period's world newest 19 experimental achievements with lysimeter's actual value rating ET0 value as the foundations, analyzing general usage of the ET0 computational method regarding the different climatic conditions. Although the effect of PM method application is desirable in many areas, many local effects are still unsatisfactory; the method MP and so on are more suitable in part of areas; the PM and MP method are not popular, the special attention must be paid to the standard ASCE-PM method. In brief, these kinds of half theory (semi-empirical) methods only suit in certain areas.

通过对ET0计算公式研究进展的总结，分析了在世界上三个时期比较有代表性的计算蒸发腾发量(ET0)的主要公式：修正Penman公式、Penman-Monteith公式及标准ASCE-PM公式；以20世纪90年代末期和21世纪初期世界上最新的19个用Lysimeter实验值率定ET0计算值的实验成果为基础，对于不同气候条件下ET0计算方法的普适性分析评估认为：虽PM公式应用效果较好的地区较多，但也有不少地区效果欠佳，MP等公式在一部分地区较好，PM与MP公式并非普适性的，要特别关注标准ASCE-PM公式，总之，这类半理论公式均有一定的地区性。

Finally, take a Mount Taishan 310MW unit for example, to improve the system of magnetism extinguishing , and summarize the methods which coordinately used with non-ohmic resistor parameter, and these methods can offer important references to the skillful people who need these methods to improve the magnetism extinguishing devices to engines in the future.

最后，以秦山一310MW机组为例，改进其灭磁系统，总结出与其配合使用的非线性电阻参数的计算方法，为今后需用此方法对电机进行灭磁装置改进的技术人员提供了重要参考。

By adapting the existed numerical methods for ordinary and delay differential equations, and matching certain suitable numerical quadrature formulas, Rosenbrock methods are constructed for delay integro-differential equations, the stability criteria of the methods are derived.

通过改造现有常及离散型延迟微分方程的数值方法，并匹配以适当数值求积公式，构造了求解时滞积分微分方程的Rosenbrock方法，导出了其稳定性准则。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。