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The first part of this paper goes to a thoroughreview of studies on methods for nonlinear least squares problems, which are then,from the perspective of arithmetic design, classified into five major types: methodsbased on quasi-Newton equation, hybrid methods, factorized quasi-Newton method,trust-region methods, and self-scaling method. The second part of this paper turns thefocus toward a type of new algorithms for nonlinear least squares problems based onnew quasi-Newton equation.

本文的前半部分通过对非线性最小二乘各种求解方法的回顾，从算法设计的角度将求解方法划分为五大类：基于拟牛顿修正的方法，混合法，分解拟牛顿法，信赖域算法以及具有乘积结构类算法，本文后半部分给出了基于新拟牛顿方程的一类求解非线性最小二乘的新算法。

Improved measures of deformation test on fault rocks are proposed, and two new methods of deformation test on fault rock are designed, i. e. methods of formed hole of sealed ground stress and methods of ground stress of resume ground stress.

6提出了断层岩变形试验的改进措施，设计了封存地应力的成孔法和恢复地应力的地应力法两种断层岩变形试验新方法。

A comprehensive review and expectation about researching status in quo and development trends of viscous flow numerical simulation technique are given in this paper and grids generation methods, numerical computation methods, turbulent model and moving boundary simulation methods are the emphasis study in the paper. On the basic of above job a mathematical model of simulation turbulent flow with free surface is established and triumphantly applied to numerical computation on 2D spillway and 3D spillway with frusta of brake.

本文针对粘流场数值模拟技术的研究现状和发展动态作了比较全面的回顾与展望，重点研究了网格生成技术、数值求解技术、湍流模型技术和动边界模拟技术，在此基础上建立了模拟自由面湍流场的数学模型，并成功地应用到二维溢流坝和带闸墩的三维溢流坝过坝水流的数值计算。

With the background of application of fuzzy control techniques to a rather typical complex control system, gas-burning water heater, theories, applications and techniques of fuzzy information processing have been studies. The obtained results include:(1) For lattice-valued logic systems based on lattice implication algebras, two dynamical lattice-valued propositional logic Lvpl and lattice-valued first-order logic Lvfl have been constructed, and some theories and methods of fuzzy reasoning have been proposed based on fuzzy set theory and multi-valued logic.(2) Some methods for designing and optimizing fuzzy control systems and some corresponding control algorithms have been proposed, and some new theories and methods for fuzzy control rule base and fuzzy control system performance analysis have been introduced.(3) 6 fuzzy control systems have been developed, and some difficult problems on craft of manufacture, batch consistency, quality stability, installation and main

本项目以模糊控制技术用于燃气热水器这一较典型的复杂控制系统为应用背景，在模糊信息处理的理论、应用和技术三个层次开展了相关的研究工作：(1)进一步研究了基于格蕴涵代数的格值逻辑系统，建立了两种动态的格值命题逻辑Lvpl和格值一阶逻辑Lvfl，并基于模糊集理论和多值逻辑提出了多种模糊推理的理论与方法；(2)提出了模糊控制系统的多种设计及优化方法与控制算法，建立了模糊控制规则库和模糊控制系统性能分析的一些新理论与新方法；(3)研制完成了6个模糊控制系统，还特别解决了模糊控制燃气热水器和智能控制燃气热水器在产业化过程中的生产工艺、批量一致、质量稳定、安装维修和性能价格等一系列难题，做好了批量生产前的技术准备，现已小批量生产。

Based respectively on elastic ground beam and finite element method, two dynamic prediction methods for displacement of foundation pit are developed by the light of bionic algorithms. The case studies demonstrate that the two methods have advantage over other methods.

通过修正土压力分布模式，利用仿生算法，建立了基于弹性地基梁有限元法的深基坑支护结构位移与安全性动态预报模型和计算方法，两个算例表明，该法比规范推荐的弹性地基梁法的预测精度要高；同时，建立了基于连续介质有限元法的深基坑支护结构位移与安全性动态仿生优化预报法，算例计算结果证明了该法比同类方法计算结果要好。

At present, the main methods to treat landfill leachates include biological methods and physical-chemical methods.

目前垃圾渗滤液处理方法主要包括生物法和物化法。

One-dimensional linear projection methods includes Eigenface method and Fisherface method and so on.Two-dimensional linear projection methods includes two-dimensional principal component analysis and two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis,as well as a series of their expanded methods and so on.

其中，基于一维线性投影的方法包括特征脸方法和Fisher脸方法等；基于二维线性投影的方法包括二维主成分分析和二维线性判别分析，以及它们的一系列拓展算法等。

While the abstract mentions that the paper introduces four hierarchical reinforcement learning methods and three subgoal discovery methods, all of these methods are in fact proposed in the prior work.

现在怎么说呢，不能说是愉悦的，应该说是心存感激，那篇确实是没有什么内容，空洞，也许有实验结果就完全不同了也说不定。

Relying on both dynamic and static analysis methods,both microstructure and macrostructure analysis methods,both on-line and off-line analysis methods,as well as both along-line sampling and die sampling techniques,the author of this thesis studied and developed an on-line microscopic system,the on-line rheometers and the on-line samplers which are used in single screw extruding process for the first time. Based on the analyses of a plenty of experimental results, the thesis mainly discussed following several questions: solid-bed break-up phenomenon on macroscopic scale,melting and deforming mechanism of a solid particle on small particle scale,and polymer morphology on microscopic scale.

本文作者通过把动态和静态分析相结合、微观和宏观分析相结合、在线和非在线分析相结合、沿程取样和机头出口样品分析相结合的方法，在单螺杆挤出过程的在线显微观察与摄影、在线流变测试、在线取样的大量实验分析的基础上，针对挤出过程中从宏观尺度范围的固体床破碎现象、到较小的颗粒尺度范围的固体粒子的熔融与变形、以至微观尺度范围的聚合物材料的形态结构的变化情况等有关几个的问题进行研究讨论。

In the experiment, three thawing methods, such as washing by water at 40℃, exposing at the room temperature of 25℃, and washing by tap water were used to estimate the effects of thawing methods on the survival rate after cryopreservation. The results showed that the relative survival rate of the calli with proembryos was higher than that of the general calli; and that different thawing methods had the same effect on the survival rate of longan calli by cryopreservation.

结果表明，具有原胚分化的胚性愈伤组织保存后的存活率明显高于普通胚性愈伤组织；40℃温水浴、25℃左右室温和自来水冲洗等3种不同的化冻方式对龙眼胚性愈伤组织玻璃化超低温保存后的存活率具有同样的效果。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。