查询词典 method of difference

This paper presents synthetic detecting fault feeder method based on the method of summation of mutual integral of transient current for intermittent arc earth fault and the method of summation of admittance mutual difference and fused current method for steady earth fault.

提出了基于电弧接地故障的暂态电流互积求和选线法和针对稳态接地故障的导纳互差求和选线法和融合电流选线法的综合选线方法。

Namely, the first, the beginning, end and length of growing season of every type of vegetation is estimated with threshold method and moving average method, and the beginning end and length of growing season of vegetation from 1982 to 1999 is fitted linearly, finally, linear trend of the beginning end and length of growing season of vegetation is analyzed. The second, phenological phase in different years and zones is estimated based on greatest changes of slope method and EOF analysis method, and the result monitored by the two methods is compared, as a result, trend of growing season change from 1982 to 1999 in different latitude zones is better acquired. The third, phenological phase of vegetation in different spatial location from 1982 to 1999 is fitted based on curve. Then, spatial difference rules of growing season of every year and average of multi-year is discussed in article. In the end, lag correlation and linear regress are used to study relation between phenological phase of different types of vegetation, different latitude zones, different spatial places and climate changes.

利用阈值法和滑动平均法逐年估测了每种植被类型的生长季的开始、结束日期及长度；对18年中植被生长季的开始、结束时间和长度进行一次线性拟合，分析了植被生长季的开始、结束日期和长度的线性变化趋势；基于最大变化斜率法和EOF分析法估计了不同年份、不同区域内植被生长季的开始、结束时间及其长度，并对这两种方法的监测结果作了比较，从而得到了较好的不同纬度区域1982～1999年植被生长季的变化趋势；基于曲线拟合了1982～1999年的不同空间位置的植被物候期，然后讨论了每年和多年平均的植被生长季的空间分异规律；最后利用时滞相关分析和线性回归研究了不同类型植被的物候期与气候变化的相互关系，不同纬度带的植被物候期与气候变化的相互关系，植被物候期与气候变化空间相互关系。

This thesis is divided into six parts. The first chapter is preface, the current status of research in the inverse problems for parabolic partial differential equations is reported; the second chapter is "regularization methods for numerical differentiation and their applications ", in this chapter we investigate many regularization methods from a viewpoint of regularization theory and algorithm, some applications in the inverse problems for parabolic partial differential equations are given; the third chapter is "spectral regularization methods". Based on Fourier analysis, within the framework of regularization theory, we apply the spectral methods to some ill-posed problems. Many numerical experiments are done in order to show the validity of the methods; the fourth chapter is devoted to wavelet dual least squares method and a revised wavelet method; in the fifth chapter,we combine finite difference method with method of lines and apply it to the backward heat conduction problem in time; in the sixth chapter "identification problems for unknown source ", the essence and the degree of two problems related to source identification are pointed out, at the same time, some numerical methods are reported.

本文分为六个部分，第一章前言简要分析了国内外抛物型偏微分方程反问题的研究现状；第二章数值微分的正则化及其应用从正则化理论和算法的角度出发，考察了许多正则化方法，还给出了数值微分在抛物型偏微分方程反问题的一些应用；第三章谱正则化方法是在Fourier分析的基础上，在一般正则化理论的框架下，给出了这种方法在各种不适定问题中的应用，数值实验表明谱方法是有效的；第四章研究了小波对偶最小二乘方法和改进的小波方法；第五章主要研究了有限差分方法结合线方法在时间反向热传导问题中的应用；第六章是未知源识别问题，主要指出了两类未知源问题的不适定程度和不适定本质，同时报告了一些数值方法。

The main research work and its results are: 1Empirical results are analysed for the relations of fault displacement and earthquake magnitude, and difference between permanent ground deformation and maxium dynamic relative displacement on the two sides of fault; 2An analytic method is proposed for resopnse of a buried pipeline due to earthquake fault movement; 3A new shell model with an equivalent boundary and relted finite element analysis method are proposed for estimating response of a buried pipeline under large fault movement; 4By the proposed method, damage performance of water supply steel pipelines with large diameter is simulated to the real cases in Kocaeli Earthquake and Ji-Ji Earthquake, and simulating results show the real failure mode of pipes is revealed; 5Effects of overlying soil and soft/hard interlayers are analyzed on ground rupture mode and degree due to earthquake fault, and some earthquake rupture phenomena in soil layers are theoretically described for the first time; 6Pipeline response characters are discussed for the case of considering effects of soil layers on ground rupture mode; 7Research results and proposed method are applied in seismic analysis of pipline acrossing fault in the Gas Tansportation Project from West to East in China.

主要工作和成果包括：1）分析了不同断层位错形式下地表破裂位错量与震级之间的经验关系，并基于集集地震近断层记录分析了断层两侧永久地面变形和地震动相对位移幅值之间的差别，为合理地考虑地震断层位错地面变形动态影响提供了依据；2）发展了断层位错地面大变形下管线反应分析模型并给出物理概念明确、简单实用的解析分析方法；3）建立了断层位错下埋地管线反应分析的等效边界壳模型有限元方法，方法中引入了以非线性弹簧形式模拟离断层较远处管段影响的等效边界，简化了计算模型并突出了近断层处管体反应；4）利用等效边界壳模型方法，对土耳其地震和集集地震中大口径埋地管线震害进行了模拟，结果表明所提方法可以更清地解释震害所表现的管体破坏特征；5）研究了覆盖土层和软硬夹层的存在对断层位错地面破裂形式和程度的影响，首次从理论上解释了某些地震地表破裂现象；6）探讨了考虑土层对断层位错地面变形影响的管体反应特征；7）本项目成果已在西气东输工程的管道跨断层抗震问题分析中得到了应用。

The Rayleigh method, the Ritz method, the Galerkin method, and the finite difference method are extended to solve the engenvalue problem of the plates.

把瑞雷法、李兹法、伽勒金法和有限差分法推广到了这种板的特征问题的求解。

The book covers one-, two- and three dimensional problems which are solved by using exact and approximate analytical methods and numerical methods such as: the finite difference method, the finite volume method, the finite element method and the boundary method.

书中涵盖一，二和三是利用精确和近似分析方法和数值方法，如：有限差分法求解二维问题，有限体积法，有限元法和边界法。

Moreover in carrier phase difference localization application, this paper introduces the basic principles of both the integer least square method and the LAMBDA method for resolving the integer ambiguity solution. Through a short baseline example and compared with the unlimited least square method, the results show that, LAMBDA method considers the ambiguity's integer characteristic and also decorrelates ambiguity's covariance, so it meliorates the covariance field of ambiguity, avoid the covariance's discontinuity.

另外在载波相位差分定位的应用中则详细讨论研究了整周模糊度解算中的基于整数最小二乘法及其降相关平差方法解算原理，通过一个短基线的实例计算分析其定位效果表明：较于未加限制的最小二乘搜索算法，LAMBDA方法能使相应的定位精度明显提高，具有较高的应用价值。

There are many methods for computation of the slope and deflection of beams such as the integration method, the finite difference method, the Macaulay's method, the Mohr's 'area-moment' method and so on. They possess mostly the characteristics of complex computing or searching schematics.

有多种方法求梁的位移，如积分法、迭加法、初参数方程法、其轭梁法、有限差分法、奇异函数法和莫尔&面积一力矩&法等等，其大都具有或计算复杂或依赖各种不同的图表等特点。

In the traditional AdaBoost method,the weights are updated based on the weak classifier's overall error rate, this article proposes one kind of the method which unifies the level of difference between the threshold and the feature value of the weak classifier with the weak classifier's overall error rate. Compared to the method which only based on the overall classification error rate to update the weights,this method can achieve higher detection rate while reduces the mistaken-detection rate.

在传统AdaBoost方法中，权重是根据弱分类器的整体错误率来更新的，本文提出了一种将弱分类器的阈值与特征值相差程度和弱分类器的整体错误率相结合来更新样本权重的方法，相比较只根据整体分类错误率来进行权重更新的方法，这种方法可以在降低误检率的同时达到较高的检测率。

The mathematical model of complex countercurrent multi-effect evaporation with condensed water flash is established, which aims at minimum annual cost (including cost of fresh vapor, vacuum pump power, evaporator, maintenance and depreciation).Based on such decisive variables as the pressure of fresh vapor, the pressure of condenser and heat-transfer mean temperature difference of vari-effect,the model is solved by the complex method,Lagrangian multiplier method, iteration method and matrix method.The practical example indicates that the influence of the pressure of fresh vapor, the pressure of condenser and flash of condensed water on the optimum design results is notable.

建立了带有冷凝水闪蒸的复杂逆流多效蒸发系统优化设计的数学模型，该模型以整个蒸发系统的年总费用(包括加热蒸汽年费用、真空泵年动力费用以及蒸发器和辅助设备的年折旧维修费用等)最小为优化目标，以生蒸汽压力、冷凝器真空度及各效有效传热温度差为决策变量，提出一种新算法———复合形法结合Lagrangian乘子法、迭代法和矩阵法求解模型。

In contrast to the ubiquitous rising-sun-with-rays military flag of the Japanese, Chinese banners and ensigns feature a range of designs.

与遍地都是的太阳军旗不同，中国人的旗帜和徽章设计得各式各样。

From their small corner of Feng's Guangzhou headquarters -- a jumble of pink leashes, squeezable rubber steaks, and plastic doggy Santas for Fido's stocking -- Soleil's designers come up with at least five new products a month.

从Feng 设在广州总部的产品展示柜台上可以看到，Soleil的设计师每月至少设计出5件新产品。