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Based on varying process of generator terminal parameters after excitation fault, shortages of excitation protective principle of static stability boundary and asynchronous impedance boundary are analyzed. It proposed that excitation fault research relates to large-disturbance stability. Because dynamic power-angle character of generator after excitation fault is non-sinusoidal, there are differences between dynamic power-angle character and static state power-angle character. So it isn't ideal to protective operation result based on small-disturbance stability and static stability boundary criterion. At the same time, it proposed that asynchronous boundary impedance criterion is a constant reactive power circle moving adown j Xd′. It can ensure complete loss-of-excitation generator measuring impedance enter into the circle, but can't ensure the other condition measuring impedance including impossible losing synchronism enter. So loss-of-excitation protection would be maloperation when system voltage drops short and recovers or generator rejects load.③Based on stability principle, it puts forward setting conditions and calculation method of generator loss-of-excitation protection by direct measuring power-angle.

以励磁故障后发电机端的相关参数的变化为基础，通过对以静稳定边界和异步阻抗边界作判据的两类三种现行励磁保护在原理上存在的缺陷分析，发现：励磁故障是一个大干扰稳定性问题，励磁故障后的发电机的动态功角特性与静态功角特性有很大的差异，已远非正弦曲线，因此基于小干扰稳定性原理、以静稳定边界作判据的保护必然动作不理想；异步边界阻抗判据是一个下移j Xd′的等无功阻抗圆，它可以保证完全失磁后的发电机测量阻抗能进入该阻抗圆，但不能保证完全失磁之外的其它状态不会进入该阻抗圆，因此在系统电压短时下降或发电机突然甩负荷等情况下可能启动该保护使之误动。

In this paper Using the single linear array CCD and the principle of autocollimation measuring angle, a novel method for measuring two-dimensional small angle is presented in the paper, in which the single linear array CCD combines with N pattern reticule to trace and measure simultaneously two-dimensional small angle with high measuring frequency.

本文采用单一线阵CCD原理及自准测角、一种测量二维小角度介绍文章其中单一线阵CCD模式结合镜头氮同步跟踪测量二维小角测量频率高。

The soft-measuring technique is systemically described from the following aspects: auxiliary variable selection, data processing, soft-measuring model construction and model correction. Moreover, in order to solve the problem of measuring temperature of aluminum electrolytic cell, the importation electric power and blanking velocity are selected as auxiliary variable, then the temperature estimated value of the electrolytic cell is calculated. An autoregressive model with controlled item based on Modern Time Series Analysis method is established.

从辅助变量选择、数据处理、软测量模型建立和模型修正等方面系统地介绍了软测量技术；并针对铝电解槽温度高、腐蚀性强、温度难以直接测量的问题，选择电解槽的输入电功率和下料速度作为辅助变量，利用现代时间序列分析法建立了带受控项目的自回归数学模型，从而计算出电解槽的温度估计值。

On the base of the single-diameter laser-scanned measuring technology, a double direction laser-scanned measuring system is presented. Which combinate the laser-scanned measuring technology with special optical system. In the system, the collimation semiconductor laser-scanned beam scanning two perpendiculars direct of one plane of the measured workpiece at the same time is made. The beams with the dimension information of two perpendiculars direct are processed by the scanning receive system, the high-speed photoelectric transition and electronic data process. Two measured results of the diametric directs and ellipse tolerance,etc, parameter, of the turning workpiece on the same plane are obtained by non-contact automatic measurement. The problem of non-contact measurement of two perpendiculars direct of one plane of turning workpiece is settled. It processes many peculiarities, such as high speed, high accuracy and non-contact automatic measurement, etc.

在单向激光扫描检测技术的基础之上，提出了一种双向激光扫描检测系统，其采用激光扫描检测技术与特殊光学系统相结合，用准直半导体激光扫描光束对被测工件径向某一截面的两个相互垂直方向同时扫描，经扫描接收光学系统、高速光电变换、电子学系统和微机数据处理系统，对将携带有垂直方向被测量信息的光束进行处理，实现了回转体工件同一截面两个垂直方向的径向尺寸和椭圆度等参数的非接触自动测量，解决了同时非接触测量回转体零件同一截面两个径向尺寸的难题，它具有高速，高精度和非接触自动测量等特点。

Secondly, in the trapezoidal channel which profile is that the base width is 20cm, the depth of channel is 20cm, the slope coefficient 1.0, and U-shaped channel which profile is that the depth of channel is 40cm, the radius of bottom circular arc, the external dip angle α of abutment wall is 8°, the article does a series of experiment researches on many of cylinder measuring flumes, such as circular, pier shaped, elliptic and diamond cylinder flumes, and discusses the variance of discharge coefficient, submergence factor, backwater height, head loss and critical submergence degree for each of cylinder measuring flume. On this basis, the article optimizes the structure shape of the cylinder measuring flume further.

然后，在底宽为20cm、渠深为35cm、边坡系数为1.0的梯形断面渠道和渠深为40cm、底部圆弧半径为15cm、边墙外倾角α=8°的U形渠道上，对圆柱形、桥墩形、椭圆柱形和菱柱形等多种柱形量水槽进行一系列的试验研究，探讨各种形式柱形量水槽的流量系数、淹没系数、壅水高度、水头损失、临界淹没度等变化规律，在此基础上，对柱形量水槽的结构形式作进一步优化分析。

This paper brings up with the theory of Virtual Coordinate Measuring System. The basic theoretic models of the virtual coordinate measuring system are given. This theory of virtual coordinate measuring system makes use of the principle of Time-Space correspondence and turns the time pulses into spatial displacement. The virtual coordinate measuring system can take the place of the scale system in traditional instruments, which has the disadvantages of high cost and difficulty ofproduction.

本文同时提出并建立虚拟坐标测量系统理论；该理论从传统的测量仪器出发，将传统仪器的实物标尺系统虚拟化，克服了实物标尺系统加工制造困难，及造价高等缺点，将硬件结构简化；本文提出并建立初步的虚拟坐标测量系统模型，并在三坐标测量机上建立了一维虚拟坐标测量系统的实验模型，初步分析系统的系统误差与其随机误差源。

The working method of rotary inductosyn functioning as anglemeasuring component was put forward emphatically,that is singlephase excitation biphase output amplitude discrimination signal processing technique. The theory and the component of this method was also put forward,at the same time, confirmation of Angle measuring system technical parameter,error analysis of Angle measuring system, realization Angle measuring system directive, circuit of measuring control software, programme idea.

重点给出了圆感应同步器作为测角元件的单相激磁双相输出的鉴幅型信号处理的实现方案，以及该方案的原理和组成，测角系统各技术参数的确定和测角系统的误差分析，测角系统各指令的实现，测控软件的流程和编程思路。

This paper introduces the method of simple conversion measuring and calculation for gear rack thickness with depthometer as prime measuring tool and Measuring Pin,measuring ball as auxiliary tool.

介绍了以深度尺为量具，以棒、球为辅件的齿条齿厚简易转化测量与计算方法。

Therefore, the electronic angle measurement also has code-degree angle measuring plate, grating-degree angle measuring plate and coding degree angle measuring plate combination, as well as the form of four kinds of dynamic measuring angle.

因此，电子测角也就有编码度盘测角，光栅度盘测角和编码度盘结合测角，以及动态测角等四种形式。

Engine cylinder liner of the general process of measurement are: cylinder liner according to the nominal size measuring selection, that is, sub-thousand-foot-cylinder form and quantity (including the volume of cylinder rod inserted table); installation and adjustment of measuring, that is first to adjust micrometer cylinder liner the nominal size, and then loaded card good indicator of the volume of cylinder form measuring bar and the bar card inserted in the anvil micrometer measuring bar between the seat and adjust the volume of cylinder form of extended length of rod inserted, when the dial indicator of the 1.5-2.0 cells have small hands around the amount of pre-press under lock-lock female plug, and a large dial indicator to zero adjust

发动机气缸套测量的一般过程是：根据气缸套的公称尺寸选择量具，即千分尺和量缸表；安装和调整量具，即先将千分尺调整到气缸套的公称尺寸，再将卡装好百分表的量缸表的测杆和插杆卡在千分尺的砧座和测杆之间，调整量缸表插杆的伸出长度，当百分表的小表针有1.5-2.0格左右的预压量时锁紧插杆锁母，并将百分表的大表盘调整到零

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。