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Before targetentering into a horizontal well or in the process of drilling horizontal section, to confirm the controlling range of deviation angle and azimuth of hole section is not only an important measure to guarantee target rate and trajectory control accuracy of the horizontal well but also one of the important contents in trajectory supervision of the horizontal well.

在水平井入靶前或水平段钻井过程中，确定待钻井段井斜角和方位角的控制范围是保证水平井中靶和轨迹控制精度的关键，也是水平井井眼轨迹监控的一项重要内容。

Based on the method of minimum deviation angle, man can obtain the accuracy of measuring refractive index of glass at 3×10-6 with fine apparatus for measuring angle, but the classical princip1e formula quoted by these literatures have principle formula error about 4 ×10 - 4 order which lead to an erroneous measure result.

在这些测量折射率的方法中，最重要的是最小偏向用法和V棱镜法。推导最小偏向角法和V棱镜法的所有文献都沿用经典的原理公式，而这些经典的原理公式没有考虑到空气实际折射率对被测试样折射率的影响。

In this paper we have point out the error of principle formula quoted by all literatures at home and abroad to measure the refractive angle and the method of V-prism, derive from beginning the right formula of measuring refractive index by the method of minimum deviation angle and the method of V-prism.

本文指出了测量光学材料折射率的最小偏向角法和V棱镜法国内外所有文献的原理公式误差，重新推导了最小偏向角法和V棱镜法测量折射率的正确公式。基于最小偏向角法用精密测角仅可以获得±3×10-6的折射率的测量精度，然而，这些文献沿用经典的测量原理公式却具有-4×10－4数量级的原理公式误差，因此导致错误的测量结果。

Based on the principle of grating diffraction, by using television measuring system to measure the offset between the imaging of incident laser and the optical axis to confirm the angle of incidence and the angle of diffraction of the grating, a method of measuring incident laser wavelength in far field with grating is brought up.

依据光栅衍射原理，采用电荷耦合器件CCD作为探测器，通过测量入射激光成像点在电视靶面坐标系中的脱靶量，确定光栅的入射角和衍射角，提出了一种利用固定式平面反射光栅测量远场未知方位入射激光波长的方法。

X-ray diffraction is one of the most common and efficient ways to measure a superlattice structure. This dissertation displays the detail results for characterization of Ge〓Si〓/Si superlattices by x-ray diffraction (including x-ray small angle diffraction and double crystal diffraction). It was found, when the growth temperature is lower, the intensities of xray small angle diffraction peaks are modulated by a periodical function, which indicates that both sets of interfaces of the superlattice is highly flat; when the growth temperature is higher, the diffraction peak intensities are simply decay with the increase of diffraction vector, which indicates that one set of interfaces is highly flat but another is not; when the growth temperature is very high, the diffraction peaks are reduced more rapidly, which indicates that both sets of interfaces are not ideal.

本文详细介绍了用X-射线衍射（包括X-射线小角衍射和双晶衍射）方法对Ge〓Si〓/Si超晶格结构特性测试的结果，尤其是发现，当Ge〓Si〓/Si超晶格的生长温度较低时，X-射线小角衍射谱峰的强度随着衍射波矢的增加而周期性调制，表明超晶格的两套界面都十分平整；当生长温度较高时，Ge〓Si〓Si超晶格的X-射线小角衍射谱峰的强度随着衍射波矢呈简单的衰减变化，对应于超晶格内有一套界面不平整的情况；当生长温度进一步提高时，X-射线小角衍射峰明显减少，表明超晶格内两套界面都不理想。

In this paper,variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometry was employed to measure the ellipsometric parameters of ITO.

采用变入射角光度椭偏仪建立了一套简单的拟合模型，成功拟合出ITO光学常数在可见光范围内随波长的变化关系。

The MGPXRC can be used to measure the focal spot size of X-ray source with a larger emitting angle than the critical angle of the total reflection of X-rays.

分别利用多毛细管准直器法和常用的小孔成像法测量了同一微焦斑X射线光源的焦斑直径，测量结果分别为60.8和59.4 μm。

The angle dekko is used to measure the torsion angle of front wheel.

本课题设计的测角仪，适用于对汽车前轮扭转角度的测量。

Pretilt angle is a key parameter for various nematic LCDs. Since it is difficult to measure the pretilt angle of the cell with non-zero twist angle, Usually regarded as same to that in antiparallel one.

2预倾角是制造各种向列液晶器件都需要控制的参数，由于很难测得扭曲盒中的预倾角，传统的方法认为它与均匀排列平行盒的相等。

In addition, because of making full use of the dynamics property of the system, the proposed control scheme also needs not feedback and measure the position, the linear and angular velocity and acceleration of the free-floating base.

一个平面两杆漂浮基空间机械臂的系统数值仿真证实了该方案的有效性。

Mao Zedong said that power flowed from the "wielders of the pen," not only from the gun.

毛泽东说，权力不仅是来自于&枪杆子&，也来自于&笔杆子&。

Based on the project management, ISO9000 and CMM, presenting and incarnating the whole frame and the detailed operating approach of the software outsourcing.

在项目管理理论、CMM和ISO9000的基础上，提出和细化了软件项目外包管理的总体框架和具体操作内容。