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Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Finally also must supplement, my indefatigable is also good, for instance returns to the news to the foreigner, that English language organization wants my life very much, had thought also must a letter letter press quite a while on the handset, spends the time very much, I have counted, a longest news I have sent 20 minutes, that also is I thought I send best section of speeches, wait for the reply complacently, finally sees this kind of news:"SORRY, I CAN NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT IS YOUR MEANING (is unfair to meaning which I do not understand you to say)!"

最后还要补充的是，我也有耐性好的时候，比如给老外回消息，那个英文语言组织很要我的命，想了半天还要在手机上一个字母一个字母地按，很费时间，我统计了一下，最长的一条消息我发了20分钟，那也是我觉得我发的最好的一段话，得意洋洋地等待回信，结果看到这样一句消息：&SORRY，I CAN NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT IS YOUR MEANING(对不起我不懂你说的意思)！&

This shader was intended as a monolithic (from the Greek words "mono", meaning single, and "lithos", meaning stone) approach for architectural purposes, and it can be practically used to simulate the majority of the common materials that we see every day.

这个材质被认为是Monolithic（取自希腊文字&Mono&，意思是单一的，并且&Lithos&，意思是象石头一样）接近建筑学上的用途，并且它能够被用来模拟我们每天所看到的大量的普通材质。

This shader was intended as a monolithic (from the Greek words "mono" meaning single and "lithos" meaning stone) approach for architectural purposes and it can be practically used to simulate the majority of the common materials that we see every day.

这个材质被认为是Monolithic（娶自希腊文字&Mono&，意思是单一的，并且&Lithos&，意思是象石头一样）接近建筑学上的用途，并且它能够被用来模拟我们每天所看到的大量的普通材质。

Meaning: Its source is monos,a Greek name meaning"Solitary".

含义：她的来源是希腊的一个名字&monos&，意思为&孤独的，单独的，唯一的&。

Fiske drawed a analogy between modern mass media and the bard of Middle Ages, then, pointed out that mass media has a function which moulds collective culture. Under the influence of Gramscis's theory of """" hegemony"""", he thinks that media text is open space with diverse meaning and regards media text as popular producerly text through using the concept of """"open/ciosed"""" text of Eco and """"writerly/readerly"""" text of Barthes. On the basis of inheriting the theory of """"encoding and decoding"""" of Hall, he also absorbs the theory of """"resisting"""" of Decerteacc. Then, he thinks that audience don't simply passively absorb while contacting media, but have a kind of strong positive initiative, can """"produce"""" and """"consume"""" the meaning from the text according to their own demand.

费斯克将现代的大众传媒与中世纪的&吟游诗人&进行类比，指出大众传媒具有塑造集体文化的功能；在葛兰西文化霸权理论的影响下，他将媒介文本视为一个意义开放的空间，并借鉴艾科的&开放式／封闭式&文本及巴特的&作者式／读者式&文本概念，进一步将媒介文本界定为一种&大众的生产者式文本&；他在继承霍尔编码／解码理论的基础上，又吸收了德塞图的&抵抗理论&，认为受众在接触媒介时不是一味消极被动的&吸收&，而是具有一种强烈的积极主动性，能够按照自己的需求从文本中&生产&和&消费&意义。

Goyim . A key ingredient of the Israeli public persona, much championed, is that Jews are tough, emotionally hardened, and ruthless, a self-image epitomized in the "sabra"(literally meaning a cactus fruit, but colloquially meaning a Jew born in Israel).

一个关键因素的以色列公众人物，更倡导的是，犹太人的艰难，感情硬化，残酷无情的自我形象体现在&萨布拉&（字面意思是仙人掌的果实，但意思是犹太人colloquially出生于以色列）。

Another problem may be that Socrates said many different things and changed his mind throughout his life—at least once, significantly, when he went from being a sophist (meaning, literally,"wiseman," see Chapter 1) to calling himself a philosopher (meaning, literally,"lover of wisdom").

另一困难可能是，苏格拉底说过许多不同的话，而且在他的一生中也改变过观点——至少有一次是真正重要的改变，那就是他从一个智者（按字面意思就是&聪明人&，见第一章）变成了他所说的&哲学家&（按字面意思是&智慧的热爱者&、追求者）。

This interpretation is bolstered by the title of the book and nation, and its apparent equivocation between the Greek for "no place" and "good place":"Utopia" is a compound of the syllable ou-, meaning "no", and topos, meaning place.

在这暗淡的年代理，只有史基纳（B.F.Skinner）的《桃源二村》（Walden Two，1948）维护著乌托邦的火炬使之不熄，然而仍有许多人在这个行为工程的，乌托邦中察觉到比最黑暗的反乌托邦更可怕的梦魇。

Part two: Main body, expounds the development of the new period fiction"s introduction from, reference to and fusion with western modernistic fiction, of the breakthrough of the original aesthetic norms and of conducting the "modernity" of the new research of fictional style. The development is as follows: beginning from exploring the artistic forms and skills, it self-examines the history, searches for the meaning of life, and calls for the realization of certain "personality", i.e. spiritual freedom; then, adopts the spirits of modernistic literature, searches for and sublates our national traditional culture; cares for the modern people"s specific mental states and makes inquiries for the meaning of life; then, revolutionizes the textual narration, reveals the doubt about the man"s subject exposed in the theme of works, describes directly the problems of the man"s subject itself, inquires the reality and possibility of the subject"s being, and uncovers the complexity of the modernistic central proposition: man"s anxiety and his essence.

本论部分，论述新时期中国文坛对西方现代主义借鉴、吸纳、融合，突破原有的审美规范，进行小说文体新实验的发展历程——即从艺术形式、艺术技巧的探索开始起步，反思历史、探索&人&的意义；在对民族传统文化的寻找与扬弃中，重建民族的&文化&主体，以走向现代世界；关注现代人的精神状况，揭示社会的贫乏、专横、庸俗、虚伪和窒息的一面，寻求生命的意义与价值；通过文本的叙述革命，揭示作品对人这一主体的怀疑，在小说中直接描写&人&本身所存在的问题，以及人自身本质的复杂性；对城市化、世俗化生活的窥望与期冀，对其作品中多元化的欲望进行透视，揭示当今社会中人的现代主义的虚无与后现代式的焦虑，指出其书写的局限与精神提升；论析女性作家&个人化&躯体写作的意义、特色以及女性作家个人化写作的精神困境。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48