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In this study, the vendor production process is assumed to deteriorate during processing and produce a certain number of defective items. Then, a mathematical model is derived and a solution procedure is established to find out the best solution when the vendor is a leader and the buyer is a follower.

本研究假设卖方的生产系统为一个不完美生产的状况，依此进行数学模式之推导，探讨当卖方为领导者、买方为跟随者时的最适决策方法。

The mathematical formulas are used to determine the shape and placement of each piece to deflect the electromagnetic waves.

研究者运用数学公式来决定每块单片的外形和位置，从而偏移电磁波的方向。

Firstly, the relationship of Atomic force and distance is studied. The scan type of samples and the working mode of probe is confirmed, then PZT is chosen as actuator for micro scan displacement, and optical deflexion method is used to detect the deflexion value of cantilever. After all these work, the system light path design is finished, and its mathematical model is completed.

首先，分析了原子力探针系统的中原子力–距离的关系，并确定探针系统的探针的工作模式和样品的扫描模式，从而选择压电陶瓷作为扫描微位移驱动器；采用光学偏转法检测微悬臂偏转量，并选用了PSD作为传感元件，并在此基础上进行了系统光路设计及其数学模型的建立。

A high degree of mathematical skills and accuracy in calculations.

具有较高的数学水平，计算准确无误。

In image processing, method as follows will be introduced in this paper: a method combining image threshold iterative segmentation with threshold interpolation, edge detection operator Sobel and LoG, edge linking method using delation operator based on mathematical morphology, using boundary tracking and projection method in edge distill process. Through this method, measurement of wheelset will be met precision demand.

本文阐明了图像的分通道自动采集过程，以及对采集到的原始图像进行预处理过程，达到图像去噪声的目标，本课题采用了阈值分割中迭代阈值和阈值插值相结合的方法，Sobel算子、LoG算子边缘检测算法，基于数学形态学的膨胀运算子进行边缘断点连接以及目标提取中的投影法和边缘跟踪方法，使得提取轮对图像边缘达到测量精度的要求。

Delta function is a deliberately defined mathematical tool for analysis, which is devoted particularly to illustrating of the physical model of points distribution, and which is widely applied to analyze the high concentration of quality and energy on one point in space or in time in physics.

δ函数是人为定义出来的一种分析工具，正因为它在数学上的简单性，才导致了它在物理上被广泛应用于研究质量、能量在空间或时间上高度集中的各种物理现象。

On the basis of the simplified grain shape, the physical model and mathematical model for the simplified dendrite shape were established.

基于简化的晶粒形状，建立了模拟晶粒生长形貌的二维数学物理模型。

The mathematical models for SCR flue-gas denitration reaction process can provide a basis for the design,operation and control of catalytic reactors.

SCR烟气脱硝反应过程数学模型是催化反应器设计、运行控制的基础。

General assumptions probability density function is normal, because normal mathematical better foundation.

一般假设概率密度函数是正态分布，因为正态分布数学基础较好。

To accelerate the widespread of Synchronous Chip Seal and improve the operation quality of Synchronous Chipsealer, key techniques which influence the operation quality is studied detailedly, including the control of distributing quality, the dynamics characteristics of hydraulic system and the spray characteristics of asphalt nozzle of Synchronous Chipsealer.1 The factors which influence Synchronous Chip Seal quality are studied. Fiducial probability of simultaneous distribution density is advised to be used in evaluating the distribution bias and standard deviation of asphalt and aggregates simultaneously, which is more advanced than the single index evaluation method used before.2 The volume efficiency formula of asphalt pump is revised after analyzing the data of volume efficiency with mathematical statistics, which is helpful to match the asphalt spray system and control the flow out of asphalt pump accurately. With equation deduction and experiment, dynamic of hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is studied, which lay the theory foundation on improving the stability and efficiency from design and controlling.4 Simulation on hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is done with AMESim; the results indicate that multi-circle parallel connected hydraulic system with constant pressure power is better than that with load-sensing pressure power at present, because the latter will oscillate when the multi circles work at the same time. This conclusion has been proved during the debug of Synchronous Chipsealer.5 Asphalt nozzle characteristics, such as flat jet shape, flow distribution, are studied with experiment, the results indicate that cross quality of asphalt distributing is not increased linearly follow the increase of fan overlap level, the best point usually exists between two whole overlap level, asphalt distributing quality is better than±4% at the 2.5 overlap level, meets the superior specified in standard; The distribution quality of Synchronous Chipsealer can be increased by spray asphalt of different flow rang with nozzle of different diameter

为了加快同步碎石封层技术的推广，提高同步碎石封层设备的作业质量，本文对同步碎石封层设备作业质量的影响因素与控制方法、液压系统的动力学特性和沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性等关键技术进行了深入细致的研究：1研究了影响同步碎石封层作业质量的因素，提出了采用联合密度分布置信概率对同步碎石封层中沥青洒布量和碎石撒布量的系统偏差和标准差指标进行综合评价的方法，克服了传统评价方法只能对单一指标进行评价的缺陷；2采用数理统计的方法，研究了沥青泵的容积效率特性，修正了沥青泵容积效率公式，为沥青喷洒系统的匹配和沥青泵出口流量的精确控制提供了依据；采用数理方程推导与试验相结合的方法，研究了同步碎石封层设备液压系统的动力学特性，为从设计和控制的角度提高同步碎石封层设备液压系统的稳定性和效率奠定了理论基础；3运用AMESim软件对采用负载敏感控制和恒压控制的两种同步碎石封层设备液压系统进行仿真，结果表明：负载敏感控制的并联液压系统在多回路同时工作时，由于液压泵排量控制参考压力不稳定，容易引发液压系统振荡，恒压控制的并联液压系统是目前技术条件下比较理想的同步碎石封层设备工作装置驱动方案；该结论亦通过同步碎石封层设备装机试验得到了验证。4采用试验的方法对沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性进行了研究，结果表明：沥青洒布的横向精度并不是随着喷洒扇面重叠度的增加线性增加，其最高点通常出现在二个重叠度之间的"半重叠位置"，"2.5重叠"洒布时，沥青的横向洒布精度≤±4%，可以达到国家相关标准中的优级标准；同步碎石封层设备还可以根据不同洒布量情况下的流量需求，采用不同通径的喷嘴进行喷洒，提高沥青洒布精度。

You can do some assertiveness training.

你可以进行一些自信训练。

We were well on the path to making a rear-wheel-drive global platform," says Mays."

我们正致力于建立一个后轮驱动的平台，"Mays这样说道。"