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The modern physics development by to the concrete material embodiment inspection, moved towards to the abstract material abstract research, namely from specially moves towards general, its utilizes the mathematical instrument is also same, moves towards mathematics from physical mathematics physics, already developed the abstract algebra and the general analysis situs, from bad on the one hand said, the physicist because of lost the concrete material object to change confusedly, was at a loss how to proceed, from was good on the one hand says, the research technique from specially moved towards general, also caused its thinking mode to have the return, tended to the philosophy, this speaking of the physics, was one kind of significant crisis, but at the same time, Also is a brand-new development turning point.

现代物理学的发展已由对具体物质的具象考察，走向对抽象物质的抽象研究，即从特殊走向一般，其所运用的数学工具也一样，从物理的数学走向数学的物理，已经发展到抽象代数和一般拓扑学，从坏的一方面讲，物理学家因失去了具体的物质对象而变得迷茫，无所适从，从好的一方面讲，研究方法的从特殊走向一般，也使其思维方式发生了回归，趋向于哲学，这对物理学而言，是一种重大危机，但与此同时，也是一个全新的发展契机。

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

The model provides a dynamic material plan decision-making model, in view of material distribution, material shipment time, and suppliers capacity decision factors for inventory level and service level influence.

模型提供一个动态物料规划决策模型，针对营运总部在物料分配高低，物料运送时间长短，供应商群的产能是否满足与稳定等决策因子，对供应链存货水准与服务水准所产生的影响。

Using the stolon of the Paris polyphylla as the experimental material, the extraction ratio of steroidal saponin has been studied with the orthogonal test of L16(4^5), in which the 4 factors are extraction time, ethanol concentration, ultrasonic time and the ratio for the mass of raw material drug to the volume of ethanol, and then the optimized extraction has been obtained.

以滇重楼的根茎为实验材料，重楼甾体总皂甙的提取率为评价指标，运用L16(4^5)正交试验，考察了皂甙浸出过程中的浸泡时间、乙醇浓度、超声剂量、粗粉质量与浸泡用乙醇体积之比4个因素在4个水平下的工艺过程，筛选出了最佳提取工艺。

In the study of extraction of antimicrobial substance from Eleocharis tuberose peel with ultrasonic, on the basis of single factors test and orthogonal test, the optimal technological parameters were material 60 mesh, ethanol 65%,1:10 for ratio of material to liquid, 45min for ultrasonic time, extraction for one time.

超声波法提取荸荠皮中抑菌物质的实验中，通过单因素及正交实验确定的最佳工艺条件为：采用60目的荸荠皮粉碎物、浓度65％的乙醇溶液、料液比1∶10、超声波作用45min、提取次数一次，在此条件下提取物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为13.3mm和14.3mm。

After Huang Qu senior official yellow Jinlong carries on the contact to finish, immediately defers to the planning for action which formulates in advance, leads side one group of terse motion members, nonstop is rapid rushes recent to the control center, nearly with the ellipse planetoid rugged surface, nearby the flatwise bend thorough giant steam hole, sees only this hole diameter to have about fully 200 meters, this time fierce toward the outside is erupting the pressure full steam; Huang Qu senior official yellow Jinlong earnestly examined without enough time that, then immediately lets the retinue survey group with the most advanced laser analyzer, surveyed has spouted the steam the temperature, the pressure as well as includes other material each data, obtained the data and formerly obtained the data astonishing consistency, in which vapor temperature reached as high as 500 degrees, about the pressure 50 atmospheric pressure, most worrying was in this steam includes some kind of humanity's unknown micro material, possible ambush some kind of unexpected danger, to be needing the further experimental analysis, could obtain the correlation the conclusion!

黄区长官黄金龙进行联络完毕后，就马上按照预先制定的行动计划，带领身边一批精悍的行动队员们，马不停蹄迅速赶到离指挥中心最近的，几乎与椭圆小行星崎岖不平的表面，平直弯曲深入的巨大蒸汽孔洞跟前，只见这个孔洞直径足有200米左右，此时正剧烈的往外喷发着压力十足的水蒸气；黄区长官黄金龙来不及认真查看，便马上让随行探测小组用最先进的激光分析仪，测量了一下喷出蒸汽的温度、压力以及含有其他物质的各项数据，得出的数据和先前得到的数据惊人的一致，其中蒸汽温度高达500度，压力50个大气压左右，最令人担心的是此蒸汽中含有某种人类未知的微量物质，可能潜伏着某种意想不到的危险，需要进一步的试验分析，才能得出相关的结论！

Design the structure of high performance Low-E film including its material and thickness of every layer according to basic optical theory. Carry out an innovative work to calculate its optical performance by characteristic matrices and optical admittance. Compare the results with those we get by traditional measurement.3. Prepare Low-E films with RF magnetron controlled reactive sputtering. The result shows that in the visible region (380nm-780nm), the highest transmittance is 82.4% while the average value is 75%. In the NIR region (780nm-2500nm), the average transmittance is 16.2%. These characters can fit the demand of the glass used in architecture and cars, and also in other applications.4. We novelly use the material Titanium as protective layer to solve the problem that Ag layer would disappear when depositing the second TiO_2 layer. As the protective layer, Ti does not increase the number of targets so as to lower the costs. The thickness of the protective layer Titanium is adjusted by controlling of sputtering time. Results shows the Low-E films get the best optical character when the sputtering time of Titanium is 20 seconds5. We novelly proposed a new transmittance quality factor Q=_·(?_-__ to evaluate the performances of Low-E films, which makes it easier to judge the qualities of Low-E film.6. The photocatalysis of Titanium dioxides is researched and introduced into Low-E films. Sb-doped TiO_2 thin films are prepared. Its photocatalysis and hydrophilicity are measured.

论文的工作主要有：1、总结了低辐射薄膜的制备方法，性能，以及国内外最新研究进展和应用，并对两种类型的低辐射薄膜进行了比较。2、从光学基本理论开始，设计了离线低辐射薄膜的结构，包括每一层的材料和厚度，并创新性的用特性矩阵和光学导纳理论计算了该离线膜的光学性能，利用软件对其进行了仿真，与实际制备的薄膜所测量的性能相比较。3、完成在实验室仪器上制备低辐射薄膜，掌握其工艺条件，解决了超薄金属膜的制备问题，所制备的低辐射薄膜在可见光区(380hm-780hm)最高可达82.4%，平均透射率为75%；在近红外区(780nm-2500nm)的平均透射率为16.2%，其性能达到建筑物幕墙玻璃，汽车前挡玻璃等应用标准，并为进一步的大规模生产打下基础。4、针对中间银层在镀上层膜时易被氧化这一工艺难题，本研究创新性的提出用Ti膜作为保护膜，没有增加新的靶材，提高了生产效率，并节约了生产成本。

The active zinc borate, hydrophobic and oleophilic, is prepared, using borax, zinc sulfate, boric acid and fatty acid or its salt as the material and water as the solvent, by controlling the proper reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, material ratio, reaction time and the addition quantity and time of the fatty acid or its salt and by filtering, drying and pulverizing.

本发明以硼砂、硫酸锌、硼酸和脂肪酸或其盐为原料，以水做溶剂，通过控制适当的反应温度、固液比、物料比、反应时间及脂肪酸或其盐的加入量及加入时间，通过过滤、干燥和粉碎制备出疏水亲油的活性硼酸锌。

This kind of gratings can be kept in the material for a long time. A mode of molecular reorientation was used to explain the formation mechanism of these gratings and it is well consistent with our experimental results. 3. Three kinds of azobenzene polymers P , P (MMA-co-GY7) and P (MMA-co-GO13) were synthesized by radical polymerization. High-density optical storage and the three-dimension (3D) microstructures in the azobenzene polymer films were presented. Twenty gratings have been stored on the same spot in our material. It is twice as many as the best recording that has been reported. It is the first time, a rectangular microstructure and a complicated double layers nesting six-pointed star microstructure are inscribed in it by using a simple two-wave couple setup.

采用共聚反应设计合成了单偶氮苯聚合物P、双偶氮苯聚合物P（MMA-co-GY7）和P（MMA-co-GO13）三种聚合物，研究了偶氮苯聚合物薄膜中的高密度光学存储和3维微结构，成功的将20套光栅储存在样品中同一个点上，是已有报道的两倍；并首次用简单的2波混频光路在该材料中刻写出长方格子和六角星型的微结构，在制作多重不同周期不同角度的高密度光栅结构实验过程中，发现不同周期光栅的刻写顺序对整个微结构形成的最终结果具有决定性的影响，并用相衬显微镜观察了这些微结构图像。

Since the speed of physical development can be identified by the intensity of light reflected from the white silveron the surface of printing material as a function of CCD elements and reaction time ,the development process of printing-plate direct-making silver salt graphic arts material can be monitored directly and visually in situ and on real- time .

原位地监测了印刷用银盐直接制版材料的显影过程，通过版材表面白银的反射光强随CCD单元及反应时间的变化来表征物理显影速率，达到了直观、快速、实时监测物理显影全过程的目的。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。